氟吗啉对辣椒疫病的防治效果

室内离体试验结果表明:氟吗啉对沈阳、丹东、彰武3地采集的不同菌株辣椒疫病病原菌(PhytophthoracapsiciLeonian)的EC50值分别为0.171、0.137、0.097ìg/ml,与对照药剂烯酰吗啉的抑菌活性基本一致;温室试验结果表明:供试药剂20%氟吗啉可湿性粉剂对辣椒疫病的EC90值为39.51ìg/ml,活性略优于对照药剂50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂(43.38ìg/ml);多点田间小区试验结果表明:氟吗啉及其混剂对辣椒疫病有优异的防治效果,生产上使用50%氟吗·锰锌可湿性粉剂在推荐使用剂量为600～800ga.i./hm2,施药3～4次,间隔8～10d的条件下,对辣椒疫病有良好的防治效果,优于相同剂量72%杜邦克露可湿性粉剂和25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂的防治效果。     

生物农药防治玉米土传性病害药效的测定

采用美国生产的ＢＧ－２、Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ两种生物农药和国内生产的生物型种衣剂（ＺＳＢ）对玉米茎腐病和纹枯病苗期和成株期的防治试验表明：两种生物农药均可在一定程度上防治茎腐病菌在苗期引起的根腐病,其中ＢＧ－２对镰孢菌的防治效果高达５５．１４％;Ｓｏｉｌｇａｒｄ对腐霉菌的防治效果达５５．５７％。ＢＧ－２对纹枯病的防治效果比ＺＳＢ好。田间试验表明：ＺＳＢ对纹枯病比对茎腐病的防治效果好。１：４０的种子包衣量为最佳。粉锈宁与ＺＳＢ混用比单独粉锈宁拌种防治茎腐病的效果好。     

玉米纹枯病病菌侵染过程研究

研究了纹枯病菌侵入玉米叶鞘的显微和超微过程,结果表明：在接种病菌后１２～２４ｈ,病菌通过表皮、乳孔和自然孔口３种途径侵入寄主,其中以表皮直接侵入为主。侵染垫是病菌主要侵入结构。接种１２ｈ,可在叶鞘表面形成少量近圆形的侵染垫。接种２４ｈ,则有大量侵染垫形成,侵染垫下可见侵入钉直接侵入寄主表皮。接种２４ｈ后叶鞘组织细胞内可见大量侵入的菌丝。     

Influence of inoculum and climatic factors on the severity of Fusarium head blight in German spring and winter barley

Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small cereals is a disease of global importance with regard to economic losses and mycotoxin contamination harmful to human and animal health. In Germany, FHB is predominantly associated with wheat and F. graminearum is recognised as the major causal agent of the disease, but little is known about FHB of barley. Monitoring of the natural occurrence of FHB on Bavarian barley revealed differences for individual Fusarium spp. in incidence and severity of grain infection between years and between spring and winter barley. Parallel measurement of fungal DNA content in grain and mycotoxin content suggested the importance of F. graminearum in winter barley and of F. langsethiae in spring barley for FHB. The infection success of these two species was associated with certain weather conditions and barley flowering time. Inoculation experiments in the field revealed different effects of five Fusarium spp. on symptom formation, grain yield and mycotoxin production. A significant association between fungal infection of grain and mycotoxin content was observed following natural or artificial infection with the type B trichothecene producer F. culmorum, but not with the type A trichothecene-producing species F. langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides. Trichothecene type A toxin contamination also occurred in the absence of significant damage to grain and did not necessarily promote fungal colonisation.     

二次主成分提取高光谱的病害薯叶特征波长

针对马铃薯晚疫病,提出了将病害叶片和健康叶片联合测试并提取有效特征波长的检测方法。对健康和病害叶片的光谱图像进行主成分分析,并从主成分图像的权重系数曲线中提取出6个健康叶片特征波长和病害叶片特征波长。基于健康叶片与病害叶片的6个特征波长做第二次主成分分析,将特征波长优化至712.19 nm、749.70 nm和841.47 nm,再基于这3个特征波长做主成分分析,选用主成分中对比度最明显的图像来识别病害区域。研究表明,采用健康叶片与病害叶片联合使用并结合二次主成分分析可实现马铃薯叶片病害的设别,且识别率可达100%。     

采后热处理对红富士苹果青霉病和灰霉病的控制

热空气处理能有效抑制灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)和扩展青霉(Penicilliumexpansum)的毒性。灰葡萄孢比扩展青霉的热敏感度高,Bcinerea孢子38℃热处理48h即能完全抑制孢子萌发。热处理72h的Bcinerea平板均无菌丝生长。Pexpansum的孢子活性和菌丝生长随热处理时间的延长而明显减缓。热处理后的霉菌孢子在苹果果实内生长缓慢,Bcinerea孢子在热处理72h后在苹果中的生长完全受抑制,腐烂发生率为零。Pexpansum热处理72h后才能显著抑制苹果的腐烂发生。苹果接种霉菌后再进行热处理(38℃,96h),无论是0℃还是20℃下放置,均未发现腐烂,大大减少贮期灰霉病、青霉病的发生。研究还发现,经过2个月冷藏后,与对照组相比,热处理过的红富士苹果果皮色泽更黄,糖酸比上升,呼吸强度较低,硬度保持较好,说明热处理能够正面影响苹果的贮藏品质。     

60Co-γ射线辐照对小麦品质的影响

采用60Co-γ射线辐照赤霉病小麦以及健康小麦籽粒,研究其对小麦品质的影响.结果表明:γ射线辐照对小麦籽粒的品质指标影响显著,辐照后籽粒内部结构发生了较大变化,高能量的射线破坏了蛋白质等大分子聚合物,使面筋强度下降;处理后样品中破损淀粉增多,淀粉与蛋白质基质结合变松散,淀粉的糊化特性变差,降落数值随着辐照剂量的增加明显降低;随着辐照剂量的增加,样品的吸水率升高,稳定时间缩短,形成的面团耐搅拌力变差.在达到杀虫防霉、降解谷物中真菌毒素的前提下,要尽量选用较低的剂量处理样品,从而保证样品品质不受损害;高剂量辐照后的样品,由于面筋强度较弱,可以作为低筋粉使用.     

沈阳地区辣椒疫病的鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

1996～1998年对沈阳地区的辣椒疫病进行分离鉴定,并对防治药剂进行了筛选.菌丝形态与已知A1和A2两种配型菌株杂交鉴定结果表明,该病致病菌为Phytophthora capsici,配型为A2.盆栽试验表明,甲霜灵、甲霜灵·锰锌、霜霉威防治效果均比较理想.     

Impact of post-anthesis rainfall,fungicide and harvesting time on the concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in wheat

Field experiments were conducted to identify the impact of post-anthesis rainfall on the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in harvested wheat grain. Winter wheat plots were inoculated with Fusarium graminearum at stem extension (GS31) and prothioconazole was applied at mid-anthesis (GS65) to split plots and plots were subsequently mist irrigated for 5 days. Plots were either covered by polytunnels, irrigated by sprinklers or left as non-irrigated uncovered control plots after medium-milk (GS75). Plots were harvested either when ripe (GS92; early harvest) or three weeks later (late harvest). Fusarium head blight (FHB) was assessed each week from inoculation. At harvest, yield and grain quality was measured and grains were analysed for DON and ZON. Differences in rainfall resulted in contrasting disease pressure in the two experiments, with low FHB in the first experiment and high FHB in the second. Difference in FHB resulted in large differences in grain yield, quality and mycotoxin content. DON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated compared to covered and control plots in the first experiment, whereas in the second experiment, DON was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the covered plots compared to the control and irrigated plots. ZON concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in irrigated plots in both experiments. Later harvesting resulted in an approximate fivefold increase in ZON in the first experiment, but was not significantly different in the second experiment. Prothioconazole significantly (P < 0.05) reduced DON in both experiments, but gave inconsistent reductions to ZON. This is the first report to show that the post-anthesis rainfall can significantly increase ZON in wheat, which can increase further with a delayed harvest but may be significantly reduced with the application of prothioconazole. Importantly, in the absence of moisture late season, ZON remains at very low concentrations even when wheat is severely affected by FHB.