Effects of structural parameters on water film properties of transpiring wall reactor

Corrosion and salt deposition problems severely restrict the industrialization of supercritical water oxidation. Transpiring wall reactor can effectively weaken these two problems by a protective water film. In this work, methanol was selected as organic matter, and the influences of vital structural parameters on water film properties and organic matter removal were studied via numerical simulation. The results indicate that higher than 99% of methanol conversion could be obtained and hardly affected by transpiration water layer, transpiring wall porosity and inner diameter. Increasing layer and porosity reduced reactor center temperature, but inner diameter's influence was lower relatively. Water film temperature reduced but coverage rate raised as layer, porosity, and inner diameter increased. Notably, the whole reactor was in supercritical state and coverage rate was only approximately 85% in the case of one layer. Increasing reactor length affected slightly the volume of the upper supercritical zone but enlarged the subcritical zone.     

甘油三乙酸酯超临界酯交换反应及其动力学研究

研究了在超临界条件下甘油三乙酸酯与甲醇或乙醇的酯交换反应,分别考察了超临界状态下醇油摩尔比和温度对反应的影响。实验结果表明,甲醇或乙醇与甘油三乙酸酯的摩尔比为14、反应温度为350℃、反应时间为20m in时,乙酸甲酯或乙酸乙酯的收率分别达100%和60%。对超临界状态下动力学的研究结果表明,甘油三乙酸酯与甲醇或乙醇的酯交换反应为拟一级反应,在相同的反应条件下,采用甲醇时酯交换反应速率比用乙醇时快,相应的甘油三乙酸酯的转化率也高;甘油三乙酸酯在超临界甲醇或乙醇中酯交换反应的表观活化能分别为58.7 kJ/mol和75.1 kJ/mol,甘油三乙酸酯与甲醇酯交换反应的活化能低于与乙醇酯交换反应的活化能,表明碳链短的醇更易进行酯交换反应。     

Analysis of supersaturation and nucleation in a moving solution droplet with flowing supercritical carbon dioxide

A supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process is employed for production of solid nanoparticles from atomized droplets of dilute solution in a flowing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO₂) stream by attaining extremely high, very rapid, and uniform supersaturation. This is facilitated by a two‐way mass transfer of CO₂ and solvent, to and from the droplet respectively, rendering rapid reduction in equilibrium solubility of the solid solute in the ternary solution. The present work analyses the degree of supersaturation and nucleation kinetics in a single droplet of cholesterol solution in acetone during its flight in a flowing SC CO₂ stream. Both temperature and composition are assumed to be uniform within the droplet, and their variations with time are calculated by balancing the heat and mass transfer fluxes to and from the droplet. The equilibrium solubility of cholesterol with CO₂ dissolution has been predicted as being directly proportional to the Partial Molar Volume Fraction (PMVF) of acetone in the binary (CO₂–acetone) system. The degree of supersaturation has been simulated up to the time required to attain almost zero cholesterol solubility in the droplet for evaluating the rate of nucleation and the size of the stable critical nuclei formed. The effects of process parameters have been analysed in the pressure range of 7.1–35.0 MPa, temperature range of 313–333 K, SC CO₂ flow rate of 0.1136–1.136 mol s^?1, the ratio of the volumetric flow rates of CO₂‐to‐solution in the range of 100–1000, and the initial mole fraction of cholesterol in acetone solution in the range of 0.0025–0.010. The results confirm an extremely high and rapid increase in degree of supersaturation, very high nucleation rates and stable critical nucleus diameter of the order of a nanometre. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

连续式超临界流体萃取进卸料装置

概括了超临界流体萃取技术和包括连续式操作在内的超临界流体萃取装置的研究现状 ,提出了一种通过球形进、卸料器完成固相物料超临界流体萃取连续化进卸料的装置 ,介绍了该装置的结构和工作原理 ,给出装置中各主要部件的计算方法。     

Supercritical fluid extraction of daphne (Laurus nobilis L.) seed oil

Laurus nobilis L., commonly known as daphne tree, is an evergreen that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Daphne trees produce grape-sized shiny purplish berries having three parts: flesh, skin, and an inner kernel (single seed). This study examines supercritical CO₂ (SC-CO₂) extraction of oil from daphne seeds. The oil yield of ground seeds varied from 14 to 28% depending on the method and particle size used for oil recovery. Yields were similar for both petroleum ether and SC-CO₂ extraction. The extraction yield decreased significantly with increasing particle size. The amount of extract collected increased exponentially with increasing SC-CO₂ pressure. The highest extraction yield was obtained at the highest temperature studied, 75°C. More than 45% of the oil was lauric acid. SC-CO₂ is a viable technique to obtain high-purity L. nobilis L. seed oil, which is a potential ingredient for the cosmetic industry.     

可节约生产成本的湿处理工艺技术

从传统意义上来讲，针织物及对张力敏感的梭织物的湿处理生产线（包括漂白、染色、柒色后水洗）通常是利用染缸来完成的，而这正是高水耗、高蒸汽消耗和高能源消耗的症结所在，同时带来一些质量问题（如折痕、起毛球和刮印等）。随着现代连续式平幅湿处理线技术的发展，整体生产成本可以下降到最多这50％。介绍了德国欧宝泰克生产的敏感织物连续式平幅湿处理线设备。     

Characteristics of a typical lifting symmetric supercritical airfoil

The theoretical aerodynamic characteristics of a typical lifting symmetric supercritical airfoil demonstrating its superiority over thenaca 0012 airfoil from which it was derived are presented in this paper. Further, limited experimental results confirming the theoretical inference are also presented. Invited Lecture given at the 3rd Asian Congress on Fluid Mechanics, held in Tokyo during 1–5 September, 1986     

Influence of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion

The effect of adsorption on the measurement of diffusion coefficients by the Taylor dispersion technique is investigated by modifying the governing equation to account for reversible, nonequilibrium adsorption. The resulting two-dimensional equations are solved by an explicit finite-difference technique. Experimental data for the acridine carbon dioxide system indicated that acridine adsorbs on the walls on the tubing and these data were investigated with this model. The influence of carious parameters including the number of sites and the rates of adsorption desorption was investigated by conducting a parametric sensitivity analysis on the model. It was found that adsorption of the solute on the wall of the tubing could produce an error as high as 35% on the measured diffusion coefficient compared to the actual diffusion coellicient. Examination of the influence of each of the parameters will enable Inure investigators to reduce the effect of adsorption in the measurement of diffusion coefficients by Taylor dispersion.