长期不同施肥对玉米田间杂草生物多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了长期不同施肥对田间杂草总密度、优势杂草组成及生物多样性的影响。结果表明:综合施用N、P、K肥,不仅降低了田间杂草的总密度,降低了优势杂草在群落中的比重,而且有利于维持田间杂草的生物多样性;不施用N或P肥,田间杂草的总密度增大,优势杂草的比重也明显增强,但不利于维持田间杂草的生物多样性。所以,平衡施用N、P、K肥,有利于维持农田生态系统中的生物多样性,并能更好地进行杂草控制。     

磺草酮对玉米的安全性及除草效果评价

田间测定了磺草酮对玉米的安全性及防除杂草试验效果，结果表明磺草酮有效成分562．5～1200g／hm^2防除玉米田单子叶杂草马唐、牛筋草、狗尾草效果较好，防效为86．5％～98．0％；对双子叶杂草中的反枝苋防效较好，防效为99．3％～l00％；对铁苋莱和马齿苋防效较差，防效为35．0％～62．9％。对玉米有触杀性药害，至药后15天药害症状消失，不影响玉米的产量，且有较好的增产作用，增产l0．0％左右。     

直播稻田化学除草试验

直播稻田用不同药剂在播种后各一次化除或播种后两次化除都具有很好的除草效果。播后前期是化学除草的关键时期播后前期每６６７米＾２用１０％苄嘧黄隆１５克＋６０％丁划胺６０毫升，１０％苄嘧黄隆１５克＋５０％杀草丹１５０毫升，１７．２％新幼禾葆２４０克或１５．８％幼禾葆２００克防铲均较好。     

Why Phenolic Acids Are Unlikely Primary Allelochemicals in Rice

Allelopathy in rice (Oryza sativa, L.) effective against weeds has been found in about 3.5% of tested rice germplasm in both laboratory and field experimentation. However, the allelochemicals responsible for growth inhibition of rice-associated weeds have not yet been identified. In the literature, phenolic acids are often mentioned as putative allelochemicals. If phenolic acids commonly reach growth inhibitory concentrations in rice ecosystems, it must be expected that the degree of tolerance to phenolic acids will vary among traditional rice cultivars or plant species adapted to rice environments having inherently different phenolic acid concentrations. Phenolic acids concentrations are normally greater in submerged than in aerobic soils. A dose–response study, however, showed that seedlings of rice cultivars adapted to submerged anaerobic soils did not have higher level of tolerance against p-hydroxybenzoic acid than did seedlings of varieties adapted to aerobic upland soils. Moreover, traditional rice cultivars had no greater tolerance than did improved cultivars that were recently bred for traits other than tolerance of phenolic acids. Similarly, there were no differences in tolerance of p-hydroxybenzoic acid between two Echinochloa weed species adapted to either anaerobic or aerobic growth conditions. Thus, neither the rice cultivars nor weed species had evolved different tolerance levels against the phenolic acid. However, all rice cultivars had significantly greater tolerance of p-hydroxybenzoic acid than did either weed species. In a second experiment, the rates at which rice plants released phenolic acids into solution cultures were measured for at least one month, the time period of greatest allelopathic activity following planting under field conditions. The maximum release rate of phenolic acids during the first month of growth was approximately 10 g/plant/day. At a conventional plant density, the release rate of phenolic acids would be approximately 1 mg/m²day. This order of release rate cannot provide concentrations remotely close to phytotoxic levels determined for these rice cultivars and weed species. The results presented in this paper do not preclude the possibility that phenolic acids might be one component in a mixture of chemicals that, when present simultaneously, are allelopathic.     

Highly potent germination inhibitors in aqueous eluate of fruits of Bishop's weed (Ammi majus L.) and avoidance of autoinhibition

The aqueous eluate from fruits ofAmmi majus (Bishop's weed, Umbelliferae) remarkably inhibited germination of adjacent seeds ofAnastatica hierochuntica, lettuce, or tomato but had no effect on intact fruits ofAmmi. Similar inhibition was found in dark or in light, except that seeds ofA. hierochuntica were significantly more inhibited in the dark than in the light. Xanthotoxin was isolated, identified, and found to account for about a sixth of the inhibitory activity of the eluate. After fruits ofAmmi were submerged in a large volume of water for 4 days, the fruits still exuded enough inhibitors to prevent germination ofA. hierochuntica, lettuce, or tomato. Data support also the proposal that the phytotoxins are compartmentalized between the inner and the outer fruit envelopes. The inner layer excludes inhibitors from the embryo and autotoxicity is thus avoided, whereas the outer one ensures a gradual liberation of the phytotoxic compounds. This, as well as the high reactivity of the eluate, the high densities ofAmmi fruits in nature, and their relatively limited annual germination, suggest chemical inhibition of neighboring plant species other thanAmmi. Hence, in addition to their chemical protection against predators of either lower or higher organisms, furanocoumarins in fruits ofAmmi majus may contribute to its success as a weed.     

Influence of modified forms of urea and nitrogen levels on weed growth and grain yield of lowland rice

The growth of weeds and their subsequent reduction of rice yield as affected by N source neem cake coated urea (NCU), dicyandiamide coated urea (DCU), rock phosphate coated urea (RPCU), urea supergranules (USG) and prilled urea (PU) was studied on a clay loam soil at Coimbatore, India. Experiments were conducted in northeast monsoon (NEM) 1981, summer 1982, and southwest monsoon (SWM) 1982 seasons.The crop was associated with eleven weed species, and the dominant weeds wereEchinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis andMarsilea quadrifolia. The weed flora varied between seasons. Deep placement of USG reduced the dry weight of weeds in NEM and summer seasons at 60, 90 and 120 Kg N ha^–1 whereas it increased the dry weight at 60 and 90 but not 120 Kg N ha^–1 in SWM season. The dry weight of weeds decreased with increased N rates for all N sources during NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, dry weight of weeds increased with increased N rates for all N sources except USG. The grain yield of rice was drastically reduced with the deep placement of USG at 60 but not 120 Kg N ha^–1 in SWM season. The differential effect of the N sources between seasons was due to the change of the weed flora. Dominance ofE. crus-galli during SWM season had greater influence on weed dry weight and grain yield of rice.Nitrogen uptake by weeds was frequently greater in unfertilized plots, particularly in NEM and summer seasons. In SWM season, the apparent fertilizer N recovery by weeds was high for USG. It decreased from 53% for 60 Kg USG-N ha^–1 to 4% for 120 Kg USG-N ha^–1.Contribution from the part of Ph.D. work of the first author at Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.     

氟嘧磺隆的合成研究与田间除草效果

以2-氨基-4，6-二羟基嘧啶为起始原料，选用高效催化剂A，经二氟甲基化后得到2-氨基-4。6-双(二氟甲氧基)嘧啶(DMAP)；DMAP在溶剂B中与邻甲氧甲酰苯磺酰异氰酸酯加成合成氟嘧磺隆，合成总收率21％。产品含量达97％。田间试验结果表明：10％氟嘧磺隆可涅性粉剂7．5、15和30g a．i．／hm^2对玉米田阔叶杂草的防效分别为77％、89％和95％，对禾本科杂草的防效分别为40％、54％和63％；对玉米安全；各处理区玉米产量和玉米穗轴重均明显高于对照区产量和穗轴重。     

带多重加工前约束的单机MOPJ调度方法

为有效解决晶圆加工过程中带换模时间、品种间晶舟分配的不确定性以及参数调整等多重加工前约束的单机单作业多订单MOPJ(multi-order-per-job)调度问题,对问题域进行描述,以订单总完成时间最小为优化目标,建立数学规划模型.给出求解较优调度解的定理,并提出具有双层嵌套编码机制的混合差分进化的入侵杂草调度算法,该算法引入具有学习机制的算子以改善解的质量.为有效提高算法的收敛性,在变异及邻域操作中考虑自适应过程.仿真实验结果表明,该算法是有效且可行的,优化晶舟分配的调度较未优化的调度可提高至少10%的性能.     

丹东港进口大豆携带杂草种类与检测

丹东港是中国海岸线最北端的不冻良港,近年来从该口岸进境的大豆数量逐年增加,从2009年至今,丹东港约有280万吨大豆进境,主要来自美国和巴西。从进口大豆检出杂草情况看,杂草种类繁多,共17科、74种,其中检疫性杂草有5科、11种。本文对丹东港进口大豆携带的杂草进行了分类与风险分析,并提出相应的一些建议,从而降低有害生物的传入几率。     

SOFM模型在杂草图像识别中的应用

针对在杂草图像分割方面存在使用阈值分割需要选择分割阈值、图像分割精度不高等不足,本文结合超绿特征分割算法和SOFM网络,构造出一种杂草图像识别模型——G-SOFM空间聚类模型。该方法是一种无监督学习方式,不需要指定阈值,利用网络自组织、自竞争的特性,实现对杂草图像的分割。在对图像进行超绿特征处理之后,使用超绿特征的灰度和归一化两个特征向量,实现SOFM空间聚类。实验结果表明,改进的G-SOFM方法相比其他三种杂草图像分割算法的分割结果都有一定的提高,分别比HIS阈值分割、超绿特征分割、双阈值分割提高28%、20%、21%。本算法结合后期形态学去噪后,识别正确率可达94%。