Architectural Patents and Open-Source Architectures: The Globalisation of Spatial Design Innovations (or Learning from ‘E99’)

Patents are the strongest form of intellectual property rights available internationally, so far unbeaten by open source as a body of innovation and know-how. Mark Garcia , senior lecturer in the Department of Architecture & Landscape at the University of Greenwich, London, here considers the pros and cons of the patent system for architects in the digital age: from issues over patent categorisation by type, to possibilities of micro-royalties through the capacity of design software to track every stage of input from multiple contributors.     

Digital Cottage Industries

Mike Aling 's ProunStretcher project engages with the recent global revival of cottage industries, fuelled by the application of digital technologies, as a means to address ‘the manifold social issues present across our rural landscape-as-urban-extension’.     

水质模型中污染物衰减系数敏感性分析

对于河流纳污能力数值模拟问题,污染物扩散衰减系数是一个重要参数,决定了模型的准确性和可靠性。本文针对三峡大坝至葛洲坝之间河段,基于Mike21建立平面二维水质模型,以氨氮为典型污染物分析河流纳污能力,在此基础上进行了衰减系数对流量、本底浓度及有无衰减过程等因素的敏感性分析。模拟结果表明:相比本底浓度,流量的改变对污染物扩散过程的影响更为明显;污染物扩散范围随流量的增加而增加,随本底浓度的增大而降低;增大衰减系数将使污染物扩散范围减小,且高流量低本底浓度时衰减系数的取值范围较大,使得影响范围变幅最大。     

基于MikeFlood的组合情景洪水风险分析

针对模拟河道洪水淹没时,干、支流同频率暴雨组合情景不能合理反映洪水漫堤真实情景的缺陷,考虑到洪水汇流淹没过程中干、支流实际降水情况的差异,构建基于干、支流不同频率组合方案下洪水淹没情景的MikeFlood耦合水动力模型。以典型丘陵地貌地区修水为研究对象,模拟研究区域内干流以及主要支流分别发生20年、50年、100年不同频率暴雨时的24种组合情景,选取其中几种情景与干、支流发生同一种频率暴雨的典型暴雨情景进行对比。结果表明,选取的组合情景与典型情景相比,其淹没水深的分布、大小均有较大的变化,可多样性地反映洪水来临时洪水漫堤的情景,为丘陵地区的洪水风险预报和紧急避洪转移工作提供决策依据和技术支撑。     

长湖溃堤对荆州市城市防洪的影响研究

为了研究长湖溃堤对荆州市城市防洪的影响,采用MIKE 21构建长湖溃堤模型对溃堤后的水流演进过程进行模拟。结果表明,当长湖湖堤新阳桥闸附近或习家口闸附近发生溃堤时,荆州城区、沙市机场及锣场镇都会发生不同程度的淹没;可见长湖溃堤对荆州市城市防洪有一定的影响。基于MIKE 21的溃堤模型结果可为构建长湖洪水防御方案、加固长湖湖堤防御长湖洪水提供技术支撑。     

PREVI-Lima’s Time: Positioning Proyecto Experimental de Vivienda in Peru’s Modern Project

Launched in 1968, the PREVI-Lima housing competition brought informal urbanisation to the attention of architects worldwide. The competition brief required the design of low-rise, high-density expandable homes, grouped in neighbourhoods. Here Sharif S Kahatt puts PREVI’s experimental project within the social, political and theoretical context of the time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unified design: collaborative working at Arup Associates

Global telecommunication networks and the emergence of a new digital tool base have informed the reshaping of design practice worldwide. As discussed in detail in the next issue of AD, Collective Intelligence in Design (no 5, vol 76, 2006), ever-evolving groups of designers, engineers, material scientists, manufacturers, contractors and even financiers are now working together across time zones and organisations. Though these current shifts have certainly facilitated a greater fluidity of exchange between disciplines, working across the professional setting is not a wholly new phenomenon. For over four decades, London-based Arup Associates have collaborated in design as a team of architects and engineers, sitting within the greater corporate framework of the Arup Group. Declan O'Carroll, a principal at Arup Associates, tells Helen Castle how Arup Associates are now launching the Unified Design Unit that is set to recast Ove Arup's ethos of totality in design for the 21st century. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于闸泵联控的感潮河网区水动力水质调控

通过Mike11建立基于闸泵联控的水动力水质调控模型,设定水动力水质调控多目标函数并选取灰色多目标优选算法进行效果评选。以珠江三角洲中顺大围为例,用调控模型分析其在现状调度情况下的水动力水质特征,发现研究区的水动力及水质与相邻外江的水动力呈正相关,与相邻外江的距离呈负相关,河网水动力及水质整体较差。鉴于此,结合调度原则制定的5个闸泵联控方案均能较好地改善研究区的水动力水质条件,经过灰色多目标优选算法筛选出最优方案。提出基于闸泵联控的感潮河网区水动力水质调控模型能较好地展示不同闸泵联控方案下水动力水质改善的综合效果,可供类似感潮河网区水动力水质调控借鉴。