External stimulus-responsive biomaterials designed for the culture and differentiation of ES,iPS, and adult stem cells

The physical and chemical characteristics of biomaterial surface and hydrogels can be altered by external stimuli, such as light irradiation, temperature changes, pH shifts, shear stress forces, electrical forces, and the addition of small chemical molecules. Such external stimulus-responsive biomaterials represent promising candidates that have been developed for the culture and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, and adult stem cells. Biomaterials that are designed to respond in a reversible manner to specific external signals can be formed on micropatterned or non-micropatterned surface, in hydrogels, or on microcarriers. Stem cells and the cells differentiated from them into specific tissue lineages can be cultured and/or differentiated on dishes with immobilized external stimulus-responsive polymers. Cells can be detached from these dishes without using an enzymatic digestion method or a mechanical method when the appropriate external stimulus is generated on the surface. This review discusses the polymers and polymeric designs employed to produce surface and hydrogels for stem cell culture, differentiation, and/or cell detachment using various external stimuli.     

钻井堵漏用特种凝胶的流变性研究

特种凝胶是一种处理钻井恶性漏失的堵漏剂,它必须具备特殊的流变性才能满足封堵裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的要求.为此,用可控的HAAKE RS6000型流变仪锥板系统稳态测试了凝胶的流动曲线和黏度曲线,采用了多种经验本构模型拟合凝胶的流动曲线和黏度曲线,均获得了较高的相关系数.在此基础上对凝肢的黏弹性、黏温性以及触变性进行了研究.结果表明,黏弹性实验确定了凝胶的零剪切黏度数量级在102 Pa.s,且具有Burger模型蠕变回复曲线特征;通过密闭同轴旋转系统稳态测试凝胶的黏温性质确定了温度从室温上升到50℃时凝胶表现出轻微的升温增稠现象,当温度高于50℃时,凝胶的黏度温度曲线满足Arrhenius关系;用直观的触变环法测量了凝胶的触变性,凝胶的下行曲线始终低于凝胶的上行曲线,表明凝胶是一种剪切稀释流体,且随着温度升高,凝胶的剪切稀释作用有增强的趋势;凝胶的流变性足以满足解决裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的要求.     

Rheological characterization of edible films made from collagen colloidal particle suspensions

A rheological characterization of collagen edible films is proposed through the experimental evaluation of shear elastic modulus, toughness, hydration capability and stress and stretch ratio at fracture. These properties are obtained from hydration, simple extension and compression tests and analyzed through the BST (Blatz, Sharda, & Tschoegl, 1974) hyperelastic model. Also precursor collagen particle suspensions, with solid concentrations in the range 0.5–4% w/w, are studied to evaluate their thixotropic responses in sudden imposed shear rates and shear loops. These responses are a consequence of particle aggregations leading to cluster formations. The particle size distribution function of suspensions is determined via scanning electron microscopy. Films are formed by casting and then fixed through either a coagulation process with a salt solution or a chemical process involving covalent cross-links with glutaraldehyde. Results indicate that these collagen films behave as colloidal particulate networks composed of particles and clusters. Also it is found that the fractal dimension of clusters is an intrinsic property of collagen particle suspensions, independently from the maturation time. Clusters in these suspensions are formed with a rather open architecture (low fractal value) due to rather large particle attractive forces. The evaluation of the BST rheological parameters allows one the estimation of the energy amount required to get film fracture for different collagen and cross-linker concentrations. Since the final films have to satisfy several quality requirements before using, the interplay between their stiffness and toughness is presented and discussed.     

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触变性水泥是一种适用于破裂压力梯度较低的松散地层、漏失层及挤水泥等注水泥作业的水泥浆体系，它对防止水泥浆凝固过程的气窜问题同样具有一定效果。文章重点对触变性水泥浆的测量和评价方法进行了全面分析和深入的讨论，提出的水泥浆触变性有关模型同样适用于其它非胶凝性宾厄姆流体、幂律流体的触变性评定。文章还对触变性水泥浆的特点、用途、常规配方及国内外应用情况进行了较深入的介绍。     

水泥浆触变性评价方法的探索

通过实验分析了目前常用的触变性评价方法——静切力法和滞后环法,对其合理性进行了讨论;并结合触变水泥浆的现场应用,提出了水泥浆触变性评价应涵盖流动性、胶凝强度发展情况以及施工安全性3个方面,针对常用触变性评价方法存在的问题,探索了一种评价水泥浆触变性的新方法。该方法采用精度高的旋转黏度计在转速极低的情况下测量水泥浆不同时刻的剪切力,几乎消除了剪切力对胶凝强度的影响,通过程序控制可实现对样品的连续测量。此方法可准确反映不同温度下水泥浆胶凝强度发展的快慢和大小,从而可更好地指导触变水泥浆体系的开发和现场应用。     

注触变性水泥停泵安全启动压力预测

触变性水泥浆是现场防窜、堵漏的有效手段之一,但是在注水泥过程中若临时停泵,再启泵时启动压力会随停泵时间增加而增大,启动压力过大可能压漏薄弱地层,甚至无法启泵。针对上述情况,在分析多种触变性模型的基础上,提出了描述触变性水泥浆特征的模型;并将该模型与压降方程结合,得出了注触变性水泥停泵安全启动预测模型。用该模型分析触变性水泥浆在不同井身结构下的启动压力,实例计算结果表明:停泵时间越长,环空间隙越小,所需要启动压力越大,停泵30或60 min后启动压力分别达到13.94和21.12 MPa,选用φ139.7 mm的套管停泵30 min的启动压力比用φ177.8 mm的套管低了4.66 MPa,停泵60 min的启动压力降低了7.51 MPa,触变剂加量改变影响附加压耗,触变剂加量由5%降为2.5%后,30 min的启动压力降低了42.73%。因此触变性水泥浆应在环空间隙较大的井使用,可降低因故停泵重启泵时的风险。      

Effect of Holding Time on Thixotropic Fluidity of Semi-solid AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

To investigate the thixotropic fluidities, microstructures and mechanical properties of semi-solid AZ91D magnesium alloy during reheating, a self-made die set with channels of different sizes were used. The results show that critical forming forces and maximal forming forces could be obtained and related to the holding times in the semi-solid forming process. In the holding time of 0-2700 s, with increasing the holding time, maximal forming force decreased sharply and critical forming force decreased slowly. In the whole thixotropic flowing process, the filling-in was steady and the surface fineness was good. The forming force increased when the slurry changed the flowing direction or flowed from the big-diameter chamber to the small-diameter one. The tensile strength and elongation to failure of the sample after holding time for 2700 s, compared to as-cast sample, are increased by approximately 42.7% and 180%, respectively, and the fractured surfaces presented dimple-like pattern.     

新型油井水泥触变剂的研究与应用

常规油井水泥触变剂常存在触变性不够强、影响施工安全、综合性能欠佳等问题。为此,通过将合成聚合物和超细无机材料以2∶3的比例复配,开发出一种新型油井水泥触变剂BCJ-200S,研究了其应用性能。结果表明,该触变剂可显著提高水泥浆触变性,且温度影响小,90℃加入1.5% BCJ-200S后水泥静浆静置10 min的胶凝强度从2.3 Pa增加到61.0 Pa,静置前后的φ₃₀₀读数分别为206和210,再静置10 min胶凝强度为61.3 Pa,其触变结构可逆性良好,对水泥浆稠化、失水、强度等性能没有产生不良影响;其还可改善水泥石的力学性能,增强水泥石抗破坏能力;另外,配伍性研究结果表明,该触变剂具有良好的现场适应性。其在大港油田官38-22油井进行了首次应用,该井采用12 m3触变水泥浆封堵Ng2出水井段,一次封堵成功,最高挤注压力达16 MPa,钻塞后对封堵层试压8 MPa合格,解决了该井出水难题。      

半固态压铸对复合变质Al-20Si合金组织和性能的影响

简要分析了压铸速度对复合变质的Al—20Si组织和性能的影响。在半固态触变压铸时,随着压射速度的增加,抗拉强度不断提高;当压射速度为5m／s时,抗拉强度达218MPa。但压射速度进一步提高时,抗拉强度又呈递减趋势。随着压射速度的增大硬度有先下降后增大的趋势。     

Clear model fluids to emulate the rheological properties of thickened digested sludge

Optimising flow processes in wastewater treatment plants requires that designers and operators take into account the flow properties of the sludge. Moreover, due to increasingly more stringent conditions on final disposal avenues such as landfill, composting, incineration etc., practitioners need to produce safer sludge in smaller quantities. Anaerobic digestion is a key treatment process for solids treatment and pathogen reduction. Due to the inherent opacity of sludge, it is impossible to visualise the mixing and flow patterns inside an anaerobic digester. Therefore, choosing an appropriate transparent model fluid which can mimic the rheological behaviour of sludge is imperative for visualisation of the hydrodynamic functioning of an anaerobic digester.Digested sludge is a complex material with time dependent non-Newtonian thixotropic characteristics. In steady state, it can be modelled by a basic power-law. However, for short-time processes the Herschel-Bulkley model can be used to model liquid-like properties.The objective of this study was to identify transparent model fluids which will mimic the behaviour of real sludge. A comparison of three model fluids, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Carbopol gel and Laponite clay revealed that these fluids could each model certain aspects of sludge behaviour. It is concluded that the rheological behaviour of sludge can be modelled using CMC in steady state flow at high shear rates, Carbopol gel for short-time flow processes and Laponite clay suspension where time dependence is dominant.