基于智能垃圾桶的垃圾分类动态收运路径优化问题研究

针对城市生活垃圾分类收运过程中存在的环境二次污染和垃圾产生量不确定性等问题,提出了一种基于智能垃圾桶的动态收运车辆路径优化方法。建立以最小化碳排放成本、燃油消耗成本、固定成本和车辆延迟到达惩罚成本为目标的动态车辆路径优化模型。采用滚动时域的方式将动态问题转换为一系列静态问题,并设计两阶段算法进行求解。首先采用粒子群算法对收运车辆路径进行规划,而后在每个时域末,综合考虑待清运垃圾桶的位置和垃圾量、垃圾收运车辆的位置和装载量以动态调整现有车辆路径。研究结果表明,相较于传统的静态收运方案,动态垃圾收运方案能够在降低车辆运输成本和碳排放成本的同时,显著降低由于清运不及时造成的环境二次污染的风险。     

重钢新区铁区MES系统研究与实施

针对重钢集团环保搬迁铁区生产单元信息化建设具体要求,开发并实施铁区MES系统,同时简要介绍系统功能及应用效果。     

Zircaloy-U02 and -Water Reactions and Cladding Temperature Estimation for Rapidly-Heated Fuel Rods under an RIA Condition

Zircaloy cladding chemical reactions with coolant water and UO₂ fuel at elevated temperatures under a reactivity initiated accident (RIA) condition were studied from a metallurgical point of view on the basis of the nuclear safety research reactor (NSRR) experiments. The cladding-fuel chemical reaction was extensively analyzed and found to be explainable from equilibrium phase diagrams. The systematic estimation methods of maximum cladding temperature were proposed and examined from metallographies. Maximum cladding temperature can be estimated from measured oxidation thicknesses in the temperature range of 1,000~1,600°C, from melting microstructures in the range of 1,600~1,950°C and also from the volume fraction of the precipitates, (U, Zr)0_2-x, in once-molten oxygen-stabilized α-zircaloy in 1,950~2,400°C. The estimation by the method proposed in the paper is more valid than thermocouple indications at high temperatures, since thermocouples perturb the temperatures they are measuring or fail at the extremely high temperatures. The results are thought to be applicable also to understand general fuel rod behavior under hypothetical accident conditions which cause severe fuel damage.     

Plastic Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Zircaloy-2 Fuel Cladding Tubes under Biaxial Stress

Various combinations of biaxial stress were applied on five batches of recrystallized zircaloy-2 fuel cladding tubes with different textures; elongation in both axial and circumferential directions of the specimen was measured continuously up to 5% plastic deformation.

The anisotropic theory of plasticity proposed by Hill was applied to the resulting data, and anisotropy constants were obtained through the two media of plastic strain loci and plastic strain ratios. Comparison of the results obtained with the two methods proved that the plastic strain loci provide data that are more effective in predicting quantitatively the plastic deformation behavior of the zircaloy-2 tubes. The anisotropy constants change their value with progress of plastic deformation, and judicious application of the effective stress and effective strain obtained on anisotropic materials will permit the relationship between stress and strain under various biaxialities of stresses to be approximated by the work hardening law.

The test specimens used in the plastic deformation experiments were then stressed to fracture under the same combination of biaxial stress as in the proceeding experiments, and the deformation in the fractured part was measured. The result proved that the tilt angle of the c-axis which serves as the index of texture is related to fracture ductility under biaxial stress. Based on this relationship, it was concluded that material with a tilt angle ranging from 10° to 15° is the most suitable for fuel cladding tubes, from the viewpoint of fracture ductility, at least in the case of unirradiated material.     

Water absorption by lacquer coatings

The amount of water absorbed by lacquer coatings on a metallic substrate was determined on the basis of electrical measurements. The time necessary for penetration of water down to the substrate was determined which allowed the evaluation of diffusion coefficients. Capacitance measurements were also carried out. The results obtained with these two methods were consistent within the limits of experimental error. The calculations were made with the assumption that the transport of water occurs in accordance with Fick's law. The knowledge of the diffusion coefficient for water can be the basis for the comparative evaluation of varnish coating quality from the protective properties point of view.     

方罐扩口生产的关键技术

方罐扩口罐是市场的消费需求;推行薄铁皮罐是降低生产成本之必须.文章着重阐述解决方罐扩口罐生产问题的三大关键技术及应用——电阻焊自感应检测技术实现高质量焊接、凸轮控制系统精确控制的渐进式扩口技术解决扩口成型时材料拉伸不均匀问题、对封口滚轮曲线优化及热处理技术研究与创新提高方罐的封口质量.实际结果:减少了生产中的材料损耗;...     

Investigation of corrosion and container integrity in metal food containers using scanning electron microscopy-X-ray microanalysis

Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis were used to investigate microleakage, two incidences of loss of coating integrity, filiform corrosion, and sulfide black corrosion in enamel-lined metal food containers. Microleakage developed in a canned cheese sauce at the side seam weld and was traced to a hot weld and a cold weld defect. An enamel-blistering problem developed in an aseptically processed milk-based product when the tinplate was heated above its melting point; the tin melted under the enamel coating, causing the blistering. An enamel-blistering problem, due to silicon contamination of the metal surface prior to enameling, developed on the bottom of a two-piece can that contained a chicken-based product. A sulfide black problem developed in canned clams, caused by scratches in the coating that were introduced during can manufacturing. A filiform corrosion problem developed on the outside of the easy score line of enameled tinplate lids with a light tin coating 0.08 microns thick.     

GT4B2真空自动封罐机改制成方听封口机

本文从设备挖潜革新的角度出发，向读者介绍一种罐头行业现行使用的ＧＴ４Ｂ２封罐设备的改造项目。即将ＧＴ４Ｂ２圆听封罐机改制成方听封罐机。该设备在我厂改造后，其使用效果良好，其运动平稳，封口质量稳定，它即可用于圆听生产，又可用于方听生产，是一种适用于罐头行业异型罐生产的投资少，见效快的一机多用型设备。其实际改造费用只有现行单头方听封口设备的１／６～１／８左右，其生产能力在３２～３５罐／ｍｉｎ。能为方听生产的罐头厂家带来良好的经济效益。     

Impedance studies of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylic acid) doped polyaniline films on aluminum alloy

Films of polyaniline doped with poly(methylmethacrylate-co-acrylic acid) – PAni-PMMA-co-AA – were prepared on AA3104-H19 alloy, an aluminum alloy used in the Brazilian can industry, by immersion of the pre-treated surfaces into a PAni-PMMA-co-AA saturated ethyl acetate solution.