Design and characterisation of a close-concentric annular reactor for kinetic studies at high temperatures

A novel annular reactor for kinetic studies at high temperature and flow conditions has been designed to keep eccentricity tolerances below 10%. In a previous work, we have shown that it is very important to keep such low eccentricity values in order to collect reliable kinetic data from this type of reactors. As proposed in this study, a modified reactor with the use of a spacer could guarantee an annular duct with low levels of eccentricity. Manufacturing tolerances or deformation effects giving rise to eccentricity can be significantly minimised when using this apparatus. The reactor has been both experimentally and theoretically characterised. Carbon monoxide oxidation was used as a model reaction under mass-transfer limited conditions revealing an eccentricity of ∼5%. With such small eccentricity levels, a concentric annular form can be assumed in the reactor analysis. Simple 1D or 2D models can therefore be inexpensively used in the evaluation of the kinetic data. Also, prior to the design of the annular reactor, a numerical investigation was carried out to clarify the effects of eccentricity, physical properties of the carrier gas and the annular aspect ratio on mass-transfer limitations. Contrary to expectations, a considerable increase in the fuel mass-diffusivity by carrier gas substitution did not change the mass-transfer rates for cases when eccentricity and aspect ratios were high.     

水压环形缝隙泄漏量的试验研究

在水压系统环形缝隙泄漏试验基础上，对圆柱形配合状态下的缝隙泄漏量进行了理论和试验对比研究，分析了两者的变化规律。得出的结果可以为水压元件的设计提供试验依据。     

Evaporative Heat Transfer of Annular Two-phase Flow of Air-water in a Small Vertical Tube

The evaporative heat transfer of the non-boiling annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube with uniform wall heat flux was studied both theoretically and experimentally. A simplified two-phase flow boundary layer model was used to calculate the thickness of the water film attached to the wall, and from the liquid film thickness the evaporative heat transfer coefficients of the annular two-phase flow were obtained. Theoretical equations and semi-theoretical equations were proposed for predicting the evaporative heat transfer of the annular two-phase flow of air-water in a small vertical tube. The semi-theoretical prediction agrees well with the experimental data. The mechanism of the heat transfer enhancement is the evaporation of the thin liquid film attached on the wall.     

基于FIT的外壳开孔屏蔽性能仿真计算

针对电气产品中的屏蔽问题,使用时域有限积分算法,对电气电子产品的机箱外壳开孔问题作了电磁场仿真,适用于辐射电磁干扰典型的频段30 MHz~1 GHz,计算并比较其屏蔽效能.仿真计算的结果表明,在相同面积、不同形状的开孔情况下,电场屏蔽效能和磁场屏蔽效能的特性,为设计电磁兼容屏蔽提供了帮助.     

Manufacturing processes of Atlantic Bronze Age annular gold ornaments—A case study of the Guînes gold hard (Pas-de-Calais,France)

ABSTRACT

The gold work from the Western European Middle and Late Bronze Age (about 1500–700 BC) is characterized by solid ornaments and vessels. This article deals with manufacturing techniques of heavy gold jewelry by presenting a gold hoard found at Guînes, Pas-de-Calais, in Northern France, as a case study. In particular, three ornament types will be taken into consideration: (1) solid penannular neck and arm-rings, plain or with linear or geometric decoration; (2) flange-twisted ornaments that appear in different dimensions, as small as ear rings, as neck rings, up to the large size of a belt; (3) complex, composite ornaments. The technological aspects dealt with in this precious metal working context are manifold, including ingot and lost wax casting, hammering and bending of solid rods, the production of flange-twisted rods, chasing as decoration method, and finally joining techniques such as soldering, riveting and folding, and creasing.     

带孔缝机箱的屏蔽效能仿真研究

利用Ansoft HFSS软件研究了电磁兼容设计中的孔缝耦合问题,介绍了有限元法的基本原理,对比仿真结果与对数周期天线的测量值,验证了此有限元法的可靠性.通过对带孔缝机箱建模,改变其孔缝的形状、面积等因素进行机箱的屏蔽效能仿真分析,获得了不同情况下的屏蔽效能仿真结果,并指导机箱内电路板的布置.     

Application of visible-light photocatalysis with nitrogen-doped or unmodified titanium dioxide for control of indoor-level volatile organic compounds

The present study evaluated visible-light photocatalysis, applying an annular reactor coated with unmodified or nitrogen (N)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)), to cleanse gaseous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at indoor levels. The surface chemistry investigation of N-doped TiO(2) suggested that there was no significant residual of sulfate ions or urea species on the surface of the N-doped TiO(2). Under visible-light irradiation, the photocatalytic technique using N-doped TiO(2) was much superior to that for unmodified TiO(2) for the degradation of VOCs. Moreover, the degradation efficiency by a reactor coated with N-doped TiO(2) was well above 90% for four target compounds (ethyl benzene, o,m,p-xylenes), suggesting that this photocatalytic system can be effectively employed to cleanse these pollutants at indoor air quality (IAQ) levels. The degradation efficiency of all target compounds increased as the stream flow rate (SFR) decreased. For most target compounds, a reactor with a lower hydraulic diameter (HD) exhibited elevated degradation efficiency. The result on humidity effect suggested that the N-doped photocatalyst could be employed effectively to remove four target compounds (ethyl benzene, o,m,p-xylenes) under conditions of less humidified environments, including a typical indoor comfort range (50-60%). Consequently, it is suggested that with appropriate photocatalytic conditions, a visible-light-assisted N-doped photocatalytic system is clearly an important tool for improving IAQ.     

旋转气体介质对环膜液体射流破碎不稳定性影响的研究

利用线性不稳定性理论研究了旋转气体介质对黏性环膜液体射流破碎的影响。研究结果表明,无论是轴对称模式还是非轴对称模式,由液体环膜内部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的失稳因素,有助于液体射流的破碎。另外,由液体环膜外部气体介质旋转所产生的离心力是液体射流的促稳因素,不利于液体射流的破碎。当相同强度的旋转同时存在于内部和外部气体介质中时,对于轴对称模式,内部气体介质的影响显著,而对于非轴对称模式,则外部气体介质的影响更为明显。通常情况下,非轴对称模式的扰动增长率强于轴对称模式的扰动增长率,因此会在环膜液体射流的破碎中占据主导地位。