Micro- and macroergonomic changes in mental workload and medication safety following the implementation of new health IT

Health information technology (IT) is a promising way to achieve safer medication management in the delivery of healthcare. However, human factors/ergonomics dictates that in order to make the complex, cognitive work of healthcare delivery safer, health IT must properly support human cognition. This means, for example, that new health IT must reduce, not increase, workload during safety-critical tasks. The present study was the first to quantitatively assess the short- and long-term impact of bar coded medication administration (BCMA) IT on nurses' mental workload as well as on perceived medication safety. One-hundred seventy registered nurses across 3 dissimilar clinical units at an academic, freestanding pediatric hospital in the Midwest US participated in surveys administered before, 3 months after, and 12 months after the hospital implemented BCMA. Nurses rated their external mental workload (interruptions, divided attention, being rushed) and internal mental workload (concentration, mental effort) during medication administration tasks as well as the likelihood of each of three medication safety events: medication administration errors, medication errors on the clinical unit, and clinical unit-level adverse drug events. Clinical unit differences were assessed. Findings generally confirmed the hypothesis that external but not internal mental workload was associated with the perceived likelihood of a medication safety event. Comparisons of mental workload from pre- to post-BCMA revealed statistically significant changes in the critical care unit only. Medication safety appeared to improve over the long term in the hematology/oncology unit only. In the critical care and medical/surgical units, medication safety exhibited short-term improvements that were eliminated over time. Changes in mental workload and medication safety, two classically microergonomic constructs, were deeply embedded in macroergonomic phenomena. These included the fit between the BCMA system and the nature of nursing work, the process of BCMA implementation, and BCMA interactions with concurrent changes occurring in the hospital. Findings raise questions about achieving sustainable performance improvement with health IT as well as the balance between micro- and macroergonomic approaches to studying technology change.Relevance to industryDesigners must consider how technology changes cognitive work, including mental workload. Hospitals and other implementers of technology must ensure that new technology fits its users, their tasks, and the context of use, which may entail tailoring implementation, for example, to specific clinical units. Evaluators must look over time to assess both changes in cognitive work and implementation issues. Healthcare practitioners must also recognize that new technology means a complex transformation to an already complex sociotechnical system, which calls for a macroergonomic approach to design and analysis.     

条形码中距离动态识别技术研究

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棒材穿水冷却过程温度场有限元分析

针对棒材穿水冷却过程,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件建立了棒材温度场预报模型,研究了棒材穿水冷却过程中的热边界条件,分析了棒材温度场的分布及其变化规律。该模型的计算结果与实测值吻合较好,能够准确地预测棒材穿水冷却后的温度分布和最终的组织。     

降低棒线导辊消耗的技术措施

分析了影响导辊使用寿命的因素，采取了相应的技术措施，有效地降低了导辊的消耗量。     

二维条形码在机关公文管理中的应用

办公自动化系统的发展和应用,对于政府转变职能,提高办公效率起到了举足轻重的作用,但是在实际应用过程中也碰到了很多问题,其中之一就是对公文的管理。传统办公自动化系统的目标是实现办公全过程的＂无纸化＂,即把纸质文件转化为电子文件进行流转。但在目前国情下,要一步实现无纸化办公,还面临很多困难,因此政府机关不得不将纸质文件流和电子文件流并行运行,从而导致需要分发交换的纸质文件和文件的电子信息脱节。通过将条码技术引入到公文管理中,生成含有文件信息的二维条码,从而实现纸质文件和文件的电子信息完全同步。     

网吧火灾原因分析及防火对策

本文针对网吧的迅速发展,火灾隐患众多的情况,结合近年发生的网吧火灾案例,进行了此类火灾原因的分析,并针对实际消防工作中网吧的审批,从多方面提出了相应的防火对策,以供实际工作中参考。     

轧制折缘异型断面型钢轧制压力计算

论述了折缘型钢轧制过程中开口、闭口槽中金属变形，并建立各自的变形量，接触面积计算公式。探索了按变形特点分块计算轧制压力的方法，其计算结果与实测相比，较为符合，因此有推广使用价值。     

高温合金小直径棒材超声检测信号的余弦变换分析及识别

将离散余弦变换（DCT）用于直径为φ26mm的变形高温合金棒材超声检测信号的特征分析，提取缺陷回波的离散余弦变换幅度谱作为特征矢量，并对提取的特征利用人工神经网络进行训练和分类，实验和距离可分性测度计算结果表明，与离散傅里叶变换提取的谱类别特征相比，离散余弦变换使缺陷信号的谱类别特征有明显增强。     

棒材等离子喷涂法制备Fe72Cr8P13C7非晶态合金涂层成型特征

采用棒材等离子喷涂法制备Fe72Cr8P13C7非晶态合金涂层，分析了涂层的组织，测定了晶化温度、显微硬度和结合强度，采用扫描电镜观察涂层的微观形貌和截面形貌，能谱分析涂层正面和截面的成分变化。结果表明，涂层组织致密，均匀，Cr、P在涂层中片状结构表面有富集现象，涂层与基材之间有冶金结合、机械结合的成型特征。     

A new thermomechanical model of cutting applied to turning operations. Part I. Theory

In this paper, an analytical approach is used to model the thermomechanical process of chip formation in a turning operation. In order to study the effects of the cutting edge geometry, it is important to analyse its global and local effects such as the chip flow direction, the cutting forces and the temperature distribution at the rake face. To take into account the real cutting edge geometry, the engaged part in cutting of the rounded nose is decomposed into a set of cutting edge elements. Thus each elementary chip produced by a straight cutting edge element, is obtained from an oblique cutting process. The fact that the local chip flow is imposed by the global chip movement is accounted for by considering appropriate interactions between adjacent chip elements. Consequently, a modified version of the oblique cutting model of Moufki et al. [Int. J. Mech. Sci. 42 (2000) 1205; Int. J. Mach. Tools Manufact. 44 (9) (2004) 971] is developed and applied to each cutting edge element in order to obtain the cutting forces and the temperature distributions along the rake face. The material characteristics such as strain rate sensitivity, strain hardening and thermal softening, the thermomechanical coupling and the inertia effects are taken into account in the modelling. The model can be used to predict the cutting forces, the global chip flow direction, the surface contact between chip and tool and the temperature distribution at the rake face which affects strongly the tool wear. Part II of this work consists in a parametric study where the effects of cutting conditions, cutting edge geometry, and friction at the tool–chip interface are investigated. The tendencies predicted by the model are also compared qualitatively with the experimental trends founded in the literature.