Enigma Z30 retrieved

All machines of type Enigma Z30, a model for encryption of numbers, were thought to have been destroyed. Three of these have been found in Stockholm. They were bought for commercial use around 1930. The machines and the background are described.     

C·Th·索伦森的景观语言

丹麦现代主义园林大师C·Th·索伦森的设计古典而现代,作品在形式和精神上都非常丹麦化。他从丹麦本土景观和历史元素中提炼设计词汇,创造了以圆和椭圆为代表的几何景观的特征词汇。在现代主义建筑和现代艺术的影响下,索伦森又创造出秩序、时态、建筑化的方法和构成的构图句法规则,它们既是索伦森的景观语言,也是丹麦现代主义园林的景观语言。     

Beyond low-level activity: on a "non-radioactive" gas mantle

Gas mantles for camping gas lanterns sometimes contain thorium compounds. During the last years, the use of thorium-free gas mantles has become more and more popular due to the avoidance of a radioactive heavy metal. We investigated a gas mantle type that is declared to be "non-radioactive" and that can be bought in Austria at the moment. Methods used were Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA), gamma-spectroscopy, and Liquid Scintillation Counting (LSC). We found massive thorium contents of up to 259 mg per gas mantle. Leaching experiments showed that only 0.4% of the Th but approximately 90% of the decay products of (232)Th can be leached under conditions simulating sucking and chewing with human saliva. In this paper, the investigation of these gas mantles including the consideration of the environmental hazard caused by disposed mantles and the health hazard for unsuspecting consumers is presented and legal consequences are discussed for this fraud.     

On the enduring and substantial influence of Carl Rogers' not-quite necessary nor sufficient conditions.

Carl Rogers' 1957 paper (see record 2007-14639-002) is arguably the most successful of his many attempts to clarify and render testable the ideas behind client-centered therapy. While each of the conditions that Rogers postulated has been linked to positive therapeutic outcome, taken together they have never been conclusively proved (nor disproved) to be either necessary or sufficient for positive outcome. Nevertheless, the overriding "take-home" message in this classic paper--that the therapist's attitude and caring presence is critical for therapeutic success--is one that has had virtually unparalleled influence in every segment of the psychotherapeutic community. Clinical and theoretical innovations in the psychoanalytic community serve as examples of the following proposition: that Rogers' concepts, while accepted more than ever by a remarkably wide variety of psychotherapists, remain essentially unacknowledged as originating with him or in the tradition of humanistic and client-centered therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

My personal reactions to Rogers (1957): The facilitative but neither necessary nor sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.

In this brief commentary regarding Rogers' (1957) paper (see record 2007-14639-002), I comment on Rogers' statement about personality change, the six conditions, and the resulting hypotheses. I conclude that the construct of therapeutic personality change needs to be reformulated to include interpersonal changes, and that the six conditions can facilitate therapeutic personality change, but are neither necessary nor sufficient for therapeutic personality change. I also suggest that several components from current common factors models (e.g., building expectations of change, encouraging corrective experiences) and a consideration of boundaries need to be included into a reformulation of Rogers' propositions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Making of Early Republican Ankara

Zeynep Kezer outlines the ascendancy and development of Ankara from an obscure, central Anatolian town into a capital city that was to become the focus of the new nation state. Informed by German architectural and technological expertise, it was executed to rigorous Modernist planning principles and aesthetics, and came to represent in urban form the polarisation of pre-republican and republican Turkey. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

City as Political Form: Four Archetypes of Urban Transformation

Pier Vittorio Aureli focuses on the category of archetype as an alternative to the idea of type. Four examples – the axial streets of Renaissance Rome, the 17th-century Parisian place, the 19th-century independent block in Berlin and the 20th-century Viennese superblock – are explored here to describe the emergence of modern urban forms that explicitly embody power relations.     

Playgrounds: Radical Failure in the Amazon

Covering more than 8.1 million square kilometres (3.127 million square miles), the Amazon is a vast territory that has captured people's imaginations and ambitions. These range from Henry Ford's attempt in 1928 to build a rubber company town near Santarém, Brazil, to more contemporary projects that have aimed to boost and connect the continent's economy. Gary Leggett explores the failure of such totalising projects across time and asks why they might have proved inherently flawed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CORAL SEA,MIDWAY, AND ALEUTIANS NAVAL INTELLIGENCE

Abstract

A quantitative analysis of sixteenth-century to seventeenth-century Hungarian ciphers (300 cipher keys and 1,600 partly or entirely enciphered letters) reveals that besides the dominance of diplomatic use of cryptography, there is a presence of “private” applications as well. The article attempts to reconstruct the main reasons and goals why historical actors chose to use ciphers in a diary or private letter, when no political or military reason was present. Only a close analysis of the practices of secrecy may shed light on the question. As the first author on secrecy, Georg Simmel, pointed out, often shame is the main motivating factor behind secrecy, and this is indeed a major explication for several ciphers in the diaries under study.     

Carl Frost (1914–2009).

Presents an obituary for Carl Frost. Carl Frost, professor emeritus at Michigan State University (MSU), died June 20, 2009, in Holland, Michigan, at the age of 94. Carl was best known for his organizational development work, in which he fostered the use of Scanlon Plan principles to increase organizational productivity and individual responsibility and satisfaction. He retired from MSU in 1982 but continued his collaboration with various private and public institutions until his death. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)