Runout effects in milling: Surface finish, surface location error, and stability

This paper investigates the effect of milling cutter teeth runout on surface topography, surface location error, and stability in end milling. Runout remains an important issue in machining because commercially-available cutter bodies often exhibit significant variation in the teeth/insert radial locations; therefore, the chip load on the individual cutting teeth varies periodically. This varying chip load influences the machining process and can lead to premature failure of the cutting edges. The effect of runout on cutting force and surface finish for proportional and non-proportional tooth spacing is isolated here by completing experiments on a precision milling machine with 0.1 μm positioning repeatability and 0.02 μm spindle error motion. Experimental tests are completed with different amounts of radial runout and the results are compared with a comprehensive time-domain simulation. After verification, the simulation is used to explore the relationships between runout, surface finish, stability, and surface location error. A new instability that occurs when harmonics of the runout frequency coincide with the dominant system natural frequency is identified.     

平整机支持辊表面振纹形成原因及控制方法研究

针对某1700平整机支持辊表面振纹问题,进行了现场跟踪测试和振动模态分析,发现了平整机振动频率、轧制速度和振纹间距三者之间的对应关系和轧辊表面之间的速差现象,掌握了振纹特征和形成原因,并从速度控制方面提出了解决措施,取得了理想效果。     

实现机床颤振早期诊断的一个新的特征量

本文通过大量试验信号的互谱分析,找出了颤振建立过程中切削力和振动加速度信号互谱的特征变化:主频带的移动及其相位差的变化.然后,基于互谱与互相关函数的关系.分析了一步互相关系数的变化与互谱上述两种特征变化的内在联系.从而可将一步互相关系数作为机床颤振早期诊断的一个特征量.试验结果表明,该特征量是有效的.     

一种新的切削刚度系数识别方法

在研究机床切削系统稳定性极限预测的过程中,切削刚度系数ke的准确识别是其中最为关键的一项工作。文中在对刀架施加振动激励,变稳态切削为动态切削的基础上．以动态切削力为研究对象,推导切削刚度系数ke的数学模型,并在切削试验中通过对动态切削力信号及其与振动位移信号相位差的测量,准确有效地识别切削刚度系数ke。试验结果表明,文中的切削刚度的识别方法可以为机床切削系统稳定性预测理论分析和试验研究提供更为准确的动力学参数。     

颤振征兆早期识别的模糊信息融合法

基于切削试验探讨颤振征兆早期识别的模糊信息融合方法。试验中在同一个测量区内使用了功率传感器和加速度传感器,利用模糊数学与Dempster-Shafer证据论相结合的方法对两种传感器信息进行了分析融合,对切削状态进行了描述。试验证实:利用证据理论与模糊推理相结合的信息融合方法进行颤振征兆的早期模糊识别得出的目标切削状态的隶属度介于单一征兆隶属度之间,对过于敏感的传感器,会考虑其他传感器的信息予以修正,降低其评价隶属度;对于不敏感传感器,会考虑其他传感器的信息予以补偿。这种方法弥补了最大隶属度原则的缺陷,即在模糊推理中,系统对某一状态的隶属程度实际上是由模式特征集中贡献最大的那个特征决定的,而没有用到其他特征提供的信息,这说明证据理论与模糊推理相结合的信息融合方法在进行颤振征兆早期识别时具有更高的可靠度。     

Causes of chatter in a hot strip mill: Observations, qualitative analyses and mathematical modelling

Severe vibrations, known as chatter, occur often in both hot and cold rolling of steel. A recent chatter outbreak at the second stand of hot strip mill in Hastings, Australia, prompted an investigation into the causes of chatter by a literature review, the development and deployment of mathematical models, and a rigorous analysis of plant observations. The investigation suggests that the frictional conditions in the roll gap are the principal cause of chatter in this mill, though residual chatter marks on work rolls can occasionally cause it. The frictional conditions appear to be associated with the thickness and properties of oxide formed on rolls.     

Mechanics and dynamics of thread milling process

This paper presents the mechanics and dynamics of thread milling operations. The tool follows a helical path around the wall of the pre-machined hole in thread milling, which has varying tool-part engagement and cut area during one threading cycle. The variation of cut area that reflects the kinematics of threading as well as structural vibrations is modeled along the helical, threading path. The mechanics of the process are first experimentally proven, followed by the formulation of dynamic thread milling which is periodic in threading cycle, in a semi-discrete time domain. The stability of the operation is predicted as a function of spindle speed, axial depth of cut, cutter path and tool geometry. The mechanics and stability models are experimentally proven in opening M16×2 threads with a five-fluted helical tool on a Steel AISI1045 workpiece.     

Least squares approximated stability boundaries of milling process

First and second order least squares methods are used in generating simple approximation polynomials for the state term of the model for regenerative chatter in the milling process. The least squares approximation of delayed state term and periodic term of the model does not go beyond first order. The resulting discrete maps are demonstrated to have same convergence rate as the discrete maps in other works that are based on the interpolation theory. The presented discrete maps are illustrated to be beneficial in terms of computational time (CT) savings that derive from reduction in the number of calculation needed for generation system monodromy matrix. This benefit is so much that computational time of second order least squares-based discrete map is noticeably shorter than that of first order interpolation-based discrete map. It is expected from analysis then verified numerically that savings in CT due to use of least squares theory relative to use of interpolation theory of same order rises with rise in order of approximation. The experimentally determined model parameters used for numerical calculations are extracted from literature.     

Extension of Tlusty׳s law for the identification of chatter stability lobes in multi-dimensional cutting processes

Chatter vibrations in cutting processes are studied in the present paper. A unified approach for the calculation of the stability lobes for turning, boring, drilling and milling processes in the frequency domain is presented. The method can be used for a fast and reliable identification of the stability lobes and can take into account nonlinear shearing forces, as well as process damping forces. The applicability of Tlusty׳s law, which is a simple scalar relationship between the real part of the oriented transfer function of the structure and the limiting chip width, is extended to milling and any other multi-dimensional chatter problem without neglecting the coupled dynamics. The given analysis is suitable for getting a deep understanding of the chatter stability dependent on the parameters of the cutting process and the structure. Basic examples based on experimental data of real machine tools include the dependence of the stability behavior on the rotational direction in turning, the effect of axial–torsional structural coupling in drilling, and the dynamics of slot milling.     

Two-points-based receptance coupling method for tool-tip dynamics prediction

Tool-tip frequency response function (FRF) is essential to predict chatter vibration in milling. This key input can be acquired by experimental tests, but a new test has to be performed for every tool clamped on the machine. To avoid such time-consuming procedures, receptance coupling methods have been developed, allowing coupling of the experimental dynamic response of the machine to the numerical model of the tool. Such techniques require joint rotation response, which is hard to experimentally identify. Inversion of receptance coupling technique is usually performed on additional experimental measurements to overcome this issue. This procedure amplifies measurement uncertainties, reducing accuracy of the coupling approach. In this article, a novel receptance coupling technique is presented. Machine and toolkit are connected through two distinct points, eliminating the experimental phase and computation of rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs). Only translation responses are required, acquired by a single test setup. Proposed technique was experimentally validated on different case studies.