钢液对连铸用含碳耐火材料的侵蚀作用研究

采用中频炉的实验室模拟试验(试验条件:钢液温度1600℃,浸入时间30min,气氛分别为空气和真空)和通过对用后耐火材料的显微结构分析,研究了钢液对3种连铸用含碳耐火材料(Al2O3-C、MgO-C和ZrO2-C)的侵蚀作用。结果表明,脱碳层的形成及钢液中夹杂物与脱碳层中耐火氧化物的反应是材料蚀损的主要原因。因此,在含碳耐火材料接触钢液的表面形成致密耐火层,能有效抑制钢液对连铸用含碳耐火材料的侵蚀。     

压力容器用钢氢蚀后组织与力学性能研究

研究了氢腐蚀后２０Ｇ和１５ＣｒＭｏ钢力学性能与显微组织的变化；并用扫描电镜分析了拉伸断口的特征．结果表明：２０Ｇ钢力学性能的下降是由于氢蚀造成珠光体的减少和裂纹的出现；并使断裂机制发生了韧性向脆性的转变．１５ＣｒＭｏ钢具有较强的抗氢腐蚀能力，力学性能的变化是因为严重的表面脱碳造成。抗拉强度的变化对整个氢蚀过程都敏感；而延伸率的变化仅在氢蚀前期敏感。     

Combined Decarbonization of Electrical Energy Generation and Production of Synthetic Fuels by Renewable Energies and Fossil Fuels

Power generation from renewable energy sources and fossil fuels are integrated into one system. A combination of technologies in the form of a carbon capture utilization (CCU)-combined power station is proposed. The technology is based on energy generation from fossil fuels by a coal power plant with CO₂ recovery from exhaust gases, and pyrolysis of natural gas to hydrogen and carbon, completed by reverse water-gas shift for the conversion of CO₂ to CO, which will react with hydrogen in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for synthetic diesel. The carbon from the pyrolysis can replace other fossil carbon or can be sequestered. This technology offers significant CO₂ savings compared to the current state of technology and makes an environmentally friendly use of fossil fuels for electricity and fuel sectors possible.     

Decarbonization of electricity requires market-based demand flexibility

To effectively decarbonize the electric sector, utilities will need to address the growing load shape challenges driven by the variability of many renewable resources. Behind-the-meter solutions, such as energy efficiency, demand response, electrification and storage, will play an important role in grid stability, but only if they can deliver changes in demand that meet the time and locational needs of the grid. This article will discuss how smart meter interval data, combined with open source methods and software, provide transparent measurement of savings load shapes (resource curves) that enable the integration of demand flexibility into energy, capacity and carbon markets, and as a transmission and distribution resource. This allows utilities to procure demand flexibility in the same way they procure other resources by leveraging a price signal and pay-for-performance to drive innovation and attract private investment.     

Implementing demand response 2.0: Progress toward full potential in the United States

Demand response can be an excellent flexible resource and can cost-effectively support a grid with high penetrations of variable renewable generation. Unfortunately, this potential has not yet been widely exploited, due to a number of obstacles at the wholesale and distribution levels. This article reviews those barriers and the prospects for better uptake of demand response.     

The “decarbonization” of the world’s energy matrix

“Decarbonizing” the world’s energy matrix is the strategy being implemented by most countries to reduce CO₂ emissions and thus contribute to achieve the ultimate objectives of the Climate Convention. The evolution of the carbon intensity (I_c=CO₂/GDP) in the period 1990–2007 was encouraging but not sufficient to reduce the growth of carbon emission. As a result of COP-15 in Copenhagen these countries (and regions) made pledges that could lead to more reduction: for the United States a 17% reduction in CO₂ emissions by 2020 below the level of 2005; for the European Union a 20% reduction in CO₂ emissions by 2020 below the 1990 level; for China a 40–45% reduction in the carbon intensity and for India a 20–25% reduction in carbon intensity by 2020. We analyzed the consequences of such pledges and concluded that the expected yearly rate of decrease of the carbon intensity follows basically the “business as usual” trend in the period 1990–2007 and will, in all likelihood, be insufficient to reduce carbon emissions up to 2020.     

Hydrogen production using methane: Techno-economics of decarbonizing fuels and chemicals

In the near-to-medium future, hydrogen production will continue to rely on reforming of widely available and relatively low-cost fossil resources. A techno-economic framework is described that compares the current best practice steam methane reforming (SMR) with potential pathways for low-CO₂ hydrogen production; (i) Electrolysis coupled to sustainable renewable electricity sources; (ii) Reforming of hydrocarbons coupled with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and; (iii) Thermal dissociation of hydrocarbons into hydrogen and carbon (pyrolysis). For methane pyrolysis, a process based on a catalytic molten Ni-Bi alloy is described and used for comparative cost estimates. In the absence of a price on carbon, SMR has the lowest cost of hydrogen production. For low-CO₂ hydrogen production, methane pyrolysis is significantly more economical than electrochemical-based processes using commercial renewable power sources. At a carbon price exceeding $21 t^?1 CO₂ equivalent, pyrolysis may represent the most cost-effective means of producing low-CO₂ hydrogen and competes favorably to SMR with carbon capture and sequestration. The current cost disparity between renewable and fossil-based hydrogen production suggests that if hydrogen is to fulfil an expanding role in a low CO₂ future, then large-scale production of hydrogen from methane pyrolysis is the most cost-effective means during the transition period while infrastructure and end-use applications are deployed.     

脱碳系统闪蒸气回收利用的实践

东方终端现有两套脱碳装置,其中二期脱碳系统闪蒸气,投产以来都是直接放空。闪蒸气排放中含有部分的甲烷气体,直接放空既浪费了宝贵能源,又造成环境污染。东方终端根据现场实际提出闪蒸气回收利用方案,将闪蒸气增压至3.3MPa后,进入到脱碳吸收塔进行处理,将闪蒸气中的甲烷气体进行回收。该项目的成功实施,每年可回收310万方甲烷气体,项目减少了温室气体排放,符合国家节能减排政策,具有良好的经济和社会效益。     

高速钢的脱碳和涂料防护

试验和分析结果表明：1100℃是W9、M2、M2Al、D606高速钢的肿碳敏感温度。无机涂料保护是防止高速钢在加热中脱碳的有效措施。