自动机床刀具的自动保护

介绍用单片机与逻辑控制电路自动测量和控制刀具的切削温度和切削力，从而保证刀具在切削加工中长久正常地工作，以达到提高刀具寿命、减少刀具消耗的目的。     

A way to reduce environmental impact of ladle furnace slag

Abstract

In the last decades the European steel industry has made continuous efforts to reduce residues and byproducts and to increase recycling in order to reduce its environmental impact. While some steelmaking slags have been widely characterised and, to a certain extent reused, ladle furnace (LF) slag is used in different applications because of its specific properties. The main purpose of the case study presented in this paper concerns the reduction of potential LF slag environmental impacts, because of its intrinsic physicochemical properties. During the handling and cooling of LF slag, it disintegrates into a powder due to instability of the dicalcium silicate, causing an increase in dust emissions to the environment. The approach presented in this paper aims to reduce this phenomenon in order to achieve a more sustainable solution in term of reduction of powder dispersion in the environment, of costs saving and of nuisance reduction in the surroundings areas.     

Optimisation of ladle slag composition by application of sulphide capacity model

Abstract

The sulphur distribution ratio for ladle slags at Ovako Steel AB has been determined by calculating the sulphide capacity using the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) model and the alumina activity via an empirical expression suggested by Ohta and Suito, and by using the well established theories for sulphur refining. A parameter study was carried out based on plant data from a previous study on desulphurisation. The effect of carbon and aluminium in the steel, the temperature of the steel, and alumina and lime in the slag on the sulphur distribution ratio was investigated. It was shown that the Al₂ O₃ /CaO ratio had the largest influence on the conditions studied, and that when it increased the sulphur distribution ratio decreased. Based on these results, new plant trials were carried out, in which the alumina content in the slag was changed. The calculated sulphur distribution ratios for these trials were found to be in good agreement with experimentally determined sulphur distribution ratios. It is concluded that the present approach can be used to optimise multicomponent ladle slags with respect to sulphur refining.     

OPTIMAL TORQUE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

In parallel hybrid electrical vehicle (PHEV) equipped with automatic mechanical transmission (AMT), the driving smoothness and the clutch abrasion are the primary considerations for powertrain control during gearshift and clutch operation. To improve these performance indexes of PHEV, a coordinated control system is proposed through the analyzing of HEV powertrain dynamic characteristics. Using the method of minimum principle, the input torque of transmission is optimized to improve the driving smoothness of vehicle. Using the methods of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-PID, the engaging speed of clutch and the throttle opening of engine are manipulated to ensure the smoothness of clutch engagement and reduce the abrasion of clutch friction plates. The motor provides the difference between the required input torque of transmission and the torque transmitted through clutch plates. Results of simulation and experiments show that the proposed control strategy performs better than the contrastive control system, the smoothness of driving and the abrasion of clutch can be improved simultaneously.     

Failure analyses of cemented tungsten carbide extrusion die

Abstract

In this study, the failure of a cemented tungsten carbide extrusion die (WC–Co) which was designed for the production of 55 000 components but failed during production of third component has been investigated. The die is used for cold extrusion of auto parts components as sizing die. Sizes achieved by forging process are further refined to required fine tolerance. The component size is required to be controlled within ±20 μm. The investigations revealed that the failure is due to abusive machining of cemented tungsten carbide. Detail studies under different electrical discharge machining conditions have been made to investigate the formation of cracks and their morphology. The major cause of the failure is established as abusive electrical discharge machining conditions with higher pulse current, which lead to micro- to macrocracks at the machining stage. These cracks further enlarged under load conditions when extrusion was done. Based on this study experiments were performed under different machining conditions on the WC–Co material. Optimum parameters were established for machining and accordingly new die was designed and fabricated which is performing very well.     

Fatigue crack growth under a constant amplitude loading of Al-6061-T6 welds obtained by modified indirect electric arc technique

Abstract

The characteristics of the fatigue crack growth in the base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were quantified by testing compact type specimens of 6061-T6 welds obtained by the modified indirect electric arc technique. The fatigue crack growth depends on the microstructure imposed by the welding thermal cycle and it was observed that in the HAZ the crack growth rate is lower than that in the weld metal, but higher than that in the base metal. Microhardness maps revealed that this behaviour is due to the formation of a larger plastic zone around of the crack tip produced by loss of hardening. A comparison of fatigue crack growth of weld metal and HAZ for modified indirect electric arc and friction stir welding shows that the weld metal produced by friction stir welding exhibits better resistance to crack propagation, but both processes behaved similarly in the HAZ.     

Coupled modelling of electric arc furnace and ladle furnace processes

Abstract

In the present investigation, a coupled mass and heat balance model for the analysis of the metallurgical processes that occur in the electric arc furnace and in the ladle furnace processes is proposed. One goal of this work was to create a simple spreadsheet based model to help with the selection of the correct process parameters for a chosen final chemical composition, quality level and production costs. The model proposed in this work was validated with reference to two operating modalities, using actual manufacturing plant data as well as specific data obtained from the literature. It was then used to obtain guidelines for the optimised production of low P steels and the realisation of a dephosphorisation map.     

Concept of dynamic foaming index and its application to control of slag foaming in electric arc furnace steelmaking

Abstract

To sustain a foam in steelmaking processes, two basic requirements should be fulfilled, i.e. appropriate physical properties of the slag such as high viscosity, low density, and low superficial tension, and the generation of sufficient reaction gas. To date, foaming indexes have been focused on the physical properties of refining slags. In the present paper a dynamic foaming index (DFI) that involves both above requirements is proposed, using a kinetic model of the electric arc furnace process to calculate the generation rate of reaction gas, mainly CO. When the arc distortion, as affected by electrode submergence in the foam, is compared with the DFI, calculated via the kinetic model, it is observed that both parameters follow very similar trends. This finding indicates the feasibility of knowing the foaming conditions of a heat in advance, or of using the kinetic model online to control the foaming phenomena. Furthermore, experimental results relating to dynamic behaviour of the slag chemistry are well simulated using the kinetic model. To take into account the effect of size distribution of carbon particles injected into the slag to reduce FeO, a Monte Carlo simulation has been integrated into the process simulator, allowing a more realistic prediction of the current steelmaking process.     

Rapid sintering of iron powders under action of electric field

Abstract

A new rapid sintering technique for iron powders compacted under the action of an electric field with high current density has been advanced. The results show that the sintering densification of iron powder could be finished in less than 6 min at a temperature of 800^u C reached at a heating rate of 600 K s^?1, and the relative density of the sintered compact was over 95%. Moreover, the sintering densification was almost finished in the heating stage of the compact.     

Numerical study of dc arc plasma and molten bath in dc electric arc furnace

Abstract

A numerical study of the arc plasma and molten bath in a dc electric arc furnace (EAF) is useful for understanding and improving the production process of the dc EAF. In the present paper, a mathematical model based on conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy along with Maxwell's equations is developed to describe the flow field and heat transfer in the arc and molten bath regions of a dc EAF simultaneously. The governing equations are solved using the PHOENICS software package. The calculated results show good agreement with those of previous studies, giving a useful insight into the factors of arc heat transfer and bath circulation.