Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness

Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three‐dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward‐looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low‐visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head‐up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

新歼HUD画面练习软件的效度研究

通过平视显示器（HUD）使用经验不同的30名飞行员应用HUD画面练习软件成绩的比较,检验软件的效度。结果表明：三组被试第一次成绩比较显示,有新歼HUD使用经验组与其它两组比较有统计学意义,存在显著性差异（F=20.44,21.50,P〈0.05）。但无HUD使用经验的两组比较无明显差异（F=1.06,P〉0.05）。6次比较的重复测量结果显示,有新歼HUD使用经验组与无HUD使用经验普通练习强度组有统计学意义,存在显著性差异（F=13.32,P〈0.05）。无HUD使用经验加大练习强度组与有HUD使用经验组和无HUD使用经验普通练习强度组比较无明显差异（F=7.24,6.08,P〉0.05）。对三组被试自身对照的重复测量结果进行分析,各组被试的第一次练习成绩与第五、六次成绩均存在明显差异（F=-12.71,-13.39,-34.07,-35.13,-26.04,-27.83,P〈0.01）。结论：新歼HUD画面练习软件对于不同经验背景的被试的区分效度较好,能在一定程度上提高被试HUD画面的练习成绩,有助于提升飞行员HUD认读的能力。     

工程飞行模拟器平显系统的数字仿真设计

工程飞行模拟器平显系统的数字仿真对于系统设计、方案论证和飞行控制律设计有着重要的意义 ,目前国内各种期刊当中关于平显系统方面的文章大都以特定显示仪器为基础 ,系统复杂 ,成本较高 ,针对这种情况 ,在查阅有关文献、上机实验的基础上 ,文中总结出了一种单纯以计算机系统实现的数字仿真方法。该方法使用图形加速技术、和实时显示算法 ,满足了工程飞行模拟器平显系统的各项技术要求     

关于平视显示器的改进意见

介绍了电子显示器标准；试飞员对平显使用的技术性能建议；增添克服空间迷航的符号和平显飞行评价的方法。     

基于LOG算子边缘检测提取特征点的平显振动算法研究

针对平显测试过程中图像抖动检测实时性要求较高的特点,通过对图像振动检测算法进行分析,提出了基于LOG算子边缘检测提取特征点的平显振动算法,利用该算法提取图像序列的特征点后并进行特征点匹配,根据特征点对位移量计算图像序列的振动量。实验结果表明该算法可以满足平显图像振动实时检测要求。     

基于STPA的机载平视显示系统安全性分析

平视显示（Head-up Display,HUD）系统属于航电安全关键系统,可以提高低能见度下的飞机运行安全,需要在系统研制过程中开展完善的风险识别与分析。随着系统复杂性的增加,传统方法很难捕获系统组件交互带来的危险。为此,采用系统理论过程分析（Systematic Theory Process Analysis,STPA）对HUD进行分析,充分考虑系统的多方交互,识别系统潜在的不安全控制行为,同时利用时间自动机理论及其工具UPPAAL对系统进行建模,验证STPA识别的不安全控制行为;最后设计了一个路径算法,对导致其发生的危险路径进行检索。结果表明,该方法能够识别出系统潜在的危险及其原因,减少了人为因素对分析的影响。     

A Career in Planning

In this essay Christensen reviews her 50-year career as a planner, researcher, and teacher. A college summer internship in New York City exposed her to urban problems and initiatives, leading to her thesis and subsequent job at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, where she worked on interagency and intergovernmental projects. Later she studied at the University of California, Berkeley’s, Department of City and Regional Planning, where she became a member of the faculty. In her research and teaching she examined wicked planning problems (Rittel & Webber, 1973), uncertainty in planning, and organizational and intergovernmental decision making, as well as housing. To help students do better at doing good, she taught savvy through a course on planning institutions, and she continues to be engaged with planning theory.     

平显记录视频中的刻度带信息提取研究

平显记录视频与飞行记录参数互补一起构成完备的反映飞机状态和作战过程的数据源.分析了航向和航向刻度带的显示属性及其提取方法.应用机器视觉原理,构建航向信息提取模型,并给出航向信息提取方法.此模型和方法还适用于采用垂直方向刻度带来指示的指示空速和高度信息提取.     

浅论汽车玻璃的发展方向

以一些典型的汽车玻璃产品为例，阐述了当今汽车玻璃的发展方向。     

现代运输类飞机HUD应用人为因素研究

本文论述了现代运输类飞机HUD功能及应用原理,通过工程心理学相关理论分析了HUD应用存在的人为因素问题,并提出了HUD在驾驶舱应用的成功准则和方法。