Surface geometry of slide bearings after percussive burnishing

A review of literature about the effect of oil pockets on improvement of sliding elements tribological performance as well as about the changes of surface topography during “zero-wear” process is shown. The paper presents also the results of experimental investigations done in the Department of Manufacturing Processes and Production Organisation of Rzeszow University of Technology, connected with the creation of oil pockets on sliding surfaces. In order to simulate a deterministic surface a program for the visualisation of pits was written. The procedures for assessment of the oil pocket size of specific shape and oil pockets coverage are presented. The tendencies of changes of surface topography and oil pockets dimensions during “zero-wear” process are also described.     

Quality improvement of ball-end milled sculptured surfaces by ball burnishing

In this paper, the use of the ball burnishing process to improve the final quality of form tools (moulds and dies) is studied. This process changes the roughness of the previously ball-end milled surfaces, achieving the finishing requirements for plastic injection moulds and stamping dies. Ball burnishing can be easily applied in the same machining centres as those used for milling. In this way, both lead times and production costs can be dramatically reduced.

Both the burnishing system and its main parameters are taken into account, considering their influence on finishing. Workpiece surface integrity is ensured due to the surface smoothing effect of process and the associated cold working. Examples of different materials, machined surfaces, and industrial applications are explained, with respect to the maximum and mean surface roughness achieved.

The main conclusion is that using a large radial depth of cut in the previous ball-end milling operation, together with a small radial depth during burnishing can produce acceptable final roughness. Savings of production times are high, as burnishing is applied using the maximum linear feed of the machine, while milling must be made at moderate feeds. Moreover, ball burnishing NC programming is less critical and needs less care in its definition than CAM for milling.     

高能脉冲电源及其在铸造中的应用研究

介绍自行研制的一款电压在1～3 kV、最大峰值电流可达1.7MA的脉冲发生装置--XJDMC型高能脉冲电源。电源的电压、输出能量可以调节,能够对充电电压、储能电容、充放电时间进行设置。研究了电压在1、2 kV,电流脉冲峰值为1.7MA时对Al-4wt%Cu合金铸造组织的影响。分析了Al-4wt%Cu合金组织的晶粒尺寸和脉冲电流、电压、冲击频率以及电路自振荡频率之间的相关性。结果表明：脉冲电压2kV、电容的冲击频率为0.5 Hz、电路的振荡频率为50 Hz时,脉冲电流对Al-4wt%Cu合金作用后,晶粒尺寸由1.5mm减小到0.2 mm。在合金凝固过程中施加脉冲电流能够有效细化晶粒尺寸,提高合金的力学性能。     

Ball-burnishing effect on deep residual stress on AISI 1038 and AA2017-T4

Ball-burnishing induces compressive residual stresses on treated materials by the effect of plastic deformation. The result is an increase in the fatigue life of the treated part, retarding the initiation of cracks on the surface. Compressive residual stresses have been previously measured by X-ray diffraction near the surface, revealing considerably high values at the maximum analyzed depth, in relation to other finishing processes such as shot peening. However, the maximum analyzed depth is very limited by using this technique. In this paper, the incremental hole drilling (IHD) technique is tested to measure residual stresses, being able to reach a 2-mm measuring depth. To that objective, a commercial strain gage is used and calibrated using finite element model simulations. A second Finite Element Model based on material removal rate is developed to obtain the equations to calculate the strain release through IHD. Finally, residual stresses are measured experimentally with that technique on two different materials, confirming that ball-burnishing increases the compressive residual stresses in layers up to 0.5?mm deep for the testing conditions, which is a good response to industrial needs. The method proves to be suitable, simple and inexpensive way to measure the value of these tensions.     

精铰挤光复合铰刀在气缸盖加工中的应用

介绍了一种精铰挤光复合铰刀，它可以一次完成三个工序的工作，从而达到提高加工精度，节省劳动时间和操作工人的目的。     

Anomalous wear behavior of MoS2 films in moderate vacuum and dry nitrogen

440C steel thrust ball bearing races lubricated with 1 m thick sputtered films of MoS₂ were tested in the unidirectional and oscillatory modes against bare steel balls in moderate (10^–4–10^–5 Pa 10^–6–10^–7 Torr) vacuum and in 1 atmosphere of 99.999% pure ( 1 ppm water) N₂ in the same unbaked environmental chamber. Over 90% of the residual gases in the chamber vacuum consisted of H₂O vapor. The bearings operated in N₂ showed substantially longer lives compared to the specimens tested in vacuum. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) tribometry was also performed on an MoS₂ film powder-burnished onto a 440C flat. This flat was repeatedly oscillated against bare, hemispherical-tipped 440C pins on fresh wear tracks in the same type of N₂ and column vacuum of ~10^–3 Pa 10^–5 Torr itself containing over 90% residual H₂O. The SEM-generated results on the burnished film confirmed the same, atmosphere-dependent difference in wear life observed with the sputtered layers. Varying the moisture content of the burnished flat and its immediate environment by cryosorption predictably manipulated the coefficient of friction and wear life of MoS₂. The various possible causes of this perplexing phenomenon are reviewed, and a plausible hypothesis is offered attributing the unexpected wear life reduction to the physico-chemical consequences of residual H₂O hydrogen-bonding to the oxidized and/or hydrated edge and basal plane sites of MoS₂ in moderate vacuum. The site-specific sorption of water is severely hindered in 1 atm N₂ by the gas molecules disrupting the H-bonding mechanism.     

热辅助超声滚压温度场参数影响激光熔覆涂层表面粗糙度研究

目的 降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度。方法 采用激光熔覆技术制备铁基激光熔覆涂层,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺对熔覆层进行熔覆后强化加工,重点研究温度场参数对成形表面粗糙度的影响,通过方差分析(ANOVA)确立参数显著性,同时利用响应曲面法(RSM)构建温度场参数影响铁基涂层表面粗糙度的预测模型,并进行参数优化。结果 加热温度和保温时间对成形试样表面粗糙度的影响显著。在实验参数范围内,试样的表面粗糙度与加热温度呈正相关,与保温时间呈负相关。实验结果表明,在相同保温时间下,在加热温度100、250、400 ℃条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.237、0.158、0.096 μm;在相同加热温度下,在保温时间为0.5、1、2 h条件下试样的表面粗糙度Ra分别为0.156、0.164、0.170 μm。可见与保温时间相比,加热温度对涂层表面粗糙度的影响更显著。参数优化分析结果表明,在实验参数范围内,在400 ℃加热温度和0.5 h保温时间条件下,试样具有最小的表面粗糙度Ra(0.089 μm)。结论 相较于车削及常温滚压工艺,采用超声温滚压耦合热处理工艺可进一步降低激光熔覆涂层的表面粗糙度,在实验参数范围内,加热温度400 ℃和保温时间0.5 h是最优的温度场参数组合。     

超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V微观组织对应力应变行为的影响

目的 通过超声滚压提高Ti-6Al-4V的屈服强度。方法 将超声振幅作为唯一变量,设置0、5、7、10μm4组试验,分析Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面及表面以下30～50μm处的应力应变行为。通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）测试不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的两相分布。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,分析不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度。使用能谱仪（EDS）观察不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V表面层元素组成分布。通过万能试验机获得不同超声振幅下Ti-6Al-4V的应力应变曲线。结果 Ti-6Al-4V表面层塑性变形程度随着超声振幅的增大而增大。Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面的β相体积分数随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅为7μm时,Ti-6Al-4V被加工表面β相的体积分数最大（19.70%）。超声滚压Ti-6Al-4V表面层中β相的体积分数沿深度递减。Ti-6Al-4V表面层α相稳定元素Al和β相稳定元素V未出现明显与两相体积分数相同的变化趋势。Ti-6Al-4V材料的屈服强度随着超声振幅的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势。当超声振幅从5μm增至10μm时,Ti-6A...     

ZK60镁合金表面滚压强化试验研究

试验研究了ZK60镁合金表面滚压加工中工艺参数对试件表面粗糙度、表面形貌、表面残余应力和表层显微硬度的影响,结果表明滚压力和重复滚压次数对试件的表面粗糙度、表面形貌以及表面残余应力和表层硬度影响程度较大,滚压速度影响较小。对精车ZK60镁合金试件进行滚压加工,试件表面粗糙度R a、R z最大减小了50.3%和48.1%;残余压应力最大可达-54.55 MPa;显微硬度从试件表层到内部基体材料逐渐降低,表层硬度值最大为92.83 HV 0.25,比基体材料硬度提高了15.32%。     

光整滚光和开缝衬套挤压孔结构 表面完整性及疲劳行为研究

目的 澄清光整滚光和开缝衬套挤压孔结构疲劳行为和强化机制的区别。方法 采用传统钻-铰、光整滚光、开缝衬套挤压等三种不同工艺,制备TA15钛合金含ø8.75中心圆孔疲劳试样,通过恒幅拉-拉对比疲劳试验和疲劳数据统计分析方法,评价不同工艺制备孔结构的抗疲劳性能。采用体式显微镜观察孔端和孔壁形貌,用触针式表面粗糙度轮廓仪测试孔壁表面粗糙度,用X射线衍射应力测定法测定孔端表面残余应力,用透射电子显微镜观察孔壁材料微观结构,用显微硬度计测定孔壁显微硬度点阵等技术和方法,分析了不同工艺制备孔结构表面完整性。通过扫描电子显微镜标定疲劳断口辉纹平均间距与裂纹长度,用数码长焦显微镜标定孔端表面裂纹长度与疲劳循环周次的关系,并定量分析了不同工艺制备的孔结构疲劳裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展速率。结果 光整滚光和挤压强化分别提高连接孔中值疲劳寿命63%和317%。光整滚光可降低孔壁表面粗糙度Ra至0.52 μm,但改变孔壁附近残余应力状态能力有限,且会在孔端形成尖锐的材料凸瘤;挤压强化后,孔壁表面粗糙度Ra为0.73 μm,在孔壁引入4 mm深、峰值达-500 MPa的残余压应力区,并大幅提高孔壁材料位错密度,且孔端无材料凸瘤产生。结论 光整滚光提高孔结构疲劳寿命的主要机制是,通过降低孔壁表面粗糙度延长裂纹萌生寿命。挤压强化主要机制是,通过引入大深度、高幅值的残余压应力和改善材料微观结构延长裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展寿命。因此,挤压强化优于光整滚光技术。考虑到实际机械结构中多为叠层特征孔结构,挤压强化因为不会在孔端遗留材料凸瘤,更有利于保证夹层间隙安装要求。