Mechanism of Springback-Free Bending of High-Strength Steel Sheets under Warm Forming Conditions

Tensile loading-unloading tests of high-strength steel sheets in an elevated temperature range are conducted using a 100 kN servo-controlled hydraulic dynamic fatigue testing machine, aiming at clarifying the mechanism of the springback-free phenomenon occurring in warm sheet forming. From stress-strain curves obtained by the tests, it is found that the abrupt decrease in the springback of formed steel sheets at approximately 750 K in isothermal v-bending tests is mainly caused by high-temperature transient creep deformation. Also, from the results obtained by the isothermal v-bending test, bending-unbending deformation observed at temperatures higher than 750 K, as a result of high-temperature creep, was found to have a secondary effect in the springback-free phenomenon.     

自适应模糊神经网络在板料弯曲回弹预测中的应用

回弹是板料冲压成形中影响工件质量的重要因素，因为它是一个多变量相互作用的高度非线性问题，至今在解析和数值方法中未能找到一个很有效的解决途径。该文提出利用自适应模糊神经网络(ANFIS)对非线性问题的良好逼近能力，采用基于有限元方法获得训练样本，经训练后得到具有回弹预测能力的ANFIS模型。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

In-situ measurement of three-dimensional deformation behaviour of sheet and tools during stamping using borescope

An in-situ measurement approach for three-dimensional deformation of sheet and tools during stamping using borescopes was developed. The borescope, consisting of a small CCD camera with a flexible cable, was connected to personal computer and placed inside a small space between the tool cavities to measure the deforming behaviour of the sheet. The deformation behaviour of the sheet and punch, the real springback and wrinkling in shrink flanging were measured. The deformed shape of the sheet measured by the borescope was in good agreement with that measured by the laser displacement sensor. In addition, three-dimensional deforming behaviour was measured by a stereoscopic method using two borescopes. It was found that the borescopes are effective in in-situ measurement of three-dimensional deformation behaviour of the sheet and tools.     

A 3D forming tool optimisation method considering springback and thinning compensation

In this paper, an enhanced numerical method for forming tool design optimisation in three-dimensional (3D) sheet metal forming applications is presented. The applied procedure enables a determination of appropriate forming tool geometry so that the manufacture of a sheet metal product inside specified tolerances would be ensured. In addition to the springback that occurs in the formed part after removal of the forming tools, the impact of the thinning of the sheet metal during the forming process is considered in the method, and both effects are correspondingly compensated for an iterative procedure. Computational efficiency in the E-DA-3D method is achieved mainly because the improved accuracy of the communicated data established corresponding interrelations between the discretised topologies used in the definition of the prescribed product geometry, the current tool geometry, and on this basis actually computed product geometry which is achieved by means of additional point topology mappings. The potential and effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by considering two cases of the forming tool design optimisation that are also experimentally validated.     

单点渐进成形工艺参数对激光拼焊板圆锥台件回弹影响研究

激光拼焊板单点渐进成形回弹是影响成形精度的重要因素。使用回弹角来度量板料回弹大小,并使用正交试验设计对工具头直径、成形高度、下压量、半顶角等因素进行实验研究,得到各因素对回弹的影响程度。得出影响板料回弹因素的大小依次为:成形高度、下压量、半顶角和工具头直径;工具头直径变化对回弹影响不大;成形高度对回弹影响显著,成形高度越高,回弹量越小;在一定范围内,回弹角的大小取决于下压量的大小,下压量越大回弹角越小;过大或过小的半顶角都会导致显著的回弹现象,合适的半顶角设计能够有效减少回弹的出现,从而保证成形精度。最后通过实验验证了正交试验得出的最优工艺参数。     

板材多点成形使用弹性垫后回弹的数值模拟

利用有限元软件LS-DYNA对板材冲压成形的回弹进行数值模拟。使用3mm厚的弹性垫抑制板材成形产生的压痕,但弹性垫的使用加上板材的回弹会导致成形误差的增大。基于数值模拟的结果,提出了修正基本体群成形面补偿回弹。经过两次补偿,精度得到了很好的提高,证明该方法可以很好地补偿多点成形中的回弹。     

工艺参数和材料性能对板料成形回弹的影响

分析总结了数值模拟中模拟参数（有限无算法、单元类型、材料模型、本构方程、积分点选取、接触和摩擦法则等）对回弹模拟精度的影响。对一细长支腿零件的工艺成形过程进行了数值模拟,研究了工艺参数及材料性能参数（压边力、凸模圆角半径、凸凹模间隙、板料厚度、摩擦系数、材料硬化指数）对工件回弹的影响。回弹角随凸模圆角半径和凸凹模间隙的增大而增大,随压边力、扳料厚度、摩擦系数和材料硬化指数的增大而减小。     

帽形件弯曲及其弹复影响因素的定量解析

根据板材弯曲理论,在平面变形假设的前提下,考虑材料的硬化、各向异性及弹性变形,建立帽形件弯曲理论分析模型,对宽板帽形件弯曲进行理论分析。分析帽形件弯曲中反弯曲现象,建立凹模圆角处是否出现反弯曲的判断公式,在考虑反弯曲的情况下,得出弯曲力的计算公式,且推导出帽形件弯曲的弯距、弯曲行程和回弹角的计算公式,并对影响板材回弹和弯曲力的因素进行理论分析,得出对弯曲力和回弹影响较大的因素,压边力F、摩擦因数μ和板材厚度δ。为智能化控制选择对回弹影响较大且易于控制的物理量提供了选择对象。理论计算与试验结果进行比较,理论结果和试验结果趋势相同,可以作为研究弯曲问题及神经网络识别模型的输入层和输出层设计的理论依据,为开展帽形件弯曲智能化技术的研究奠定一定的理论基础。     

A novel sheet metal forming method—Millipede forming

Millipede forming, a novel sheet metal forming method, has been proposed and developed recently to overcome fundamental limitations in conventional roll forming. For this new method, there are two main aspects: use of an optimal transitional surface and implementation of a method to feed the strip through the transition surface. Achieving the optimal transitional surface involves defining the change of surface shape between a flat strip and a final shaped product conceptualised to the strip's mid-surface, regardless of the strip's thickness.In this paper, one method of implementing a transition surface, Millipede forming, is introduced. A prototype has been built to demonstrate the working principle and can be used to produce some simple profiles, within a short forming length of 200 mm.     

Unconstrained springback behavior of Al-Mg-Si sheets for different sitting times

In this work, the springback behavior of the commercial 6022 aluminum alloy in temper aging (T4) is investigated taking into account that the sheets, prior to deformation process, are initially pre-strained and then submitted to various sitting times at room temperature. The unconstrained cylindrical bending test based on the NUMISHEET2002 proceedings as presented by Yoon et al. [Yoon JW, Pourboghrat F, Chung K, Yang DY. Springback prediction for sheet metal forming process using a 3D hybrid membrane/shell method. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2002;44:2133-53] is selected as validation benchmark. For finite element simulations, the geometry is modeled by solid-shell finite elements using the formulation of Alves de Sousa et al. [Alves de Sousa RJ, Yoon JW, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Grácio JJ. On the use of a reduced enhanced solid-shell (RESS) element for sheet forming simulations. International Journal of Plasticity 2007;23:490-515; Alves de Sousa RJ, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Yoon J-W, Natal Jorge RM, Grácio JJ. A new one-point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid-shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: Part I—Geometrically linear applications. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2005;62:952-77; Alves de Sousa RJ, Cardoso RPR, Fontes Valente RA, Yoon JW, Grácio JJ, Natal Jorge RM. A new one-point quadrature enhanced assumed strain (EAS) solid-shell element with multiple integration points along thickness: Part II—Nonlinear applications. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 2006;67:160-88]. The material behavior is described based on the work of Correia et al. [Correia JPM, Simões F, Gracio JJ, Barlat F, Ahzi S. A simple hardening rule accounting for time-dependent behavior in Al-Mg-Si alloys. Materials Science Engineering A 2007;456:170-9]. The results of conducted experiments and numerical simulations are compared. It can be concluded about the good agreement between experiments and simulations attesting the effectiveness of the material model utilized to describe the time-dependent hardening behavior.