太湖流域蔬菜复合污染及生物富集特征研究

在太湖流域（苏南地区）无锡、常州、镇江3市农业活动区蔬菜及其对应土壤中PAEs化合物和Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni 4种重金属进行检测分析基础上,探讨了蔬菜复合污染分布及污染物的生物富集特征。结果表明,流域蔬菜中PAEs以DMP、DEEP、DNP含量较高,分别为：0.01～10.10mg/kg,ND-8.28mg/kg,ND-2.85mg/kg,重金属以Zn含量最高,为1.86～14.24mg/kg;蔬菜对应土壤中PAEs以DNOP、DMEP、DNP、DMP含量较高,分别为：0.13～44.7mg/kg,0.47～50.42mg/kg,0.48～64.7mg/kg,19.46～533.6mg/kg,重金属也以Zn含量最高,为31.02～43.73mg/kg;蔬菜富集规律分析发现,BMPP、DNHP、DNOP及重金属Cd在蔬菜中的富集系数较大。     

Bioaccumulation of As(III)/As(V) ions by living cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum MTCC 2745

Significant factors on simultaneous growth and bioaccumulation of arsenic ions by living cells of bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum MTCC 2745, were explored in growth media under experimental conditions like pH and concentrations of arsenic ions. Combined effects of the initial concentrations of peptone and arsenic (either As(III) or As(V)) ions on the specific growth rate and arsenic bioaccumulation competence of the bacteria were studied and optimized using the Response Surface Methodology. Optimum combination predicted via RSM demonstrated that the bacteria were capable of bioaccumulating As(III) and As(V) in the growth medium containing 1000 mg/L arsenic and 9 g/L peptone up to 78.4% and 77.6%, respectively.     

氟表面活性剂和氟聚合物(V)——PFOS的短碳氟链替代品

主要介绍PFOS的短碳氟链替代品,分析短碳氟链产品作为替代品的可行性依据、性能和环境行为,进一步讨论短碳氟链替代品的研究进展和优化策略,并指出短碳氟链产品当前面临的问题。     

Effect of particulate Abate insecticide on invertebrate stream drift communities in Newfoundland

A particulate formulation of Abate was used to control blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae) larvae in Newfoundland. The effects of this compound on stream invertebrates during routine field use was observed by using drift fauna collected in relation to five insecticide treatments using dosage ranging from 0.059–0.091 ppm Abate applied for 18–23 minutes in four different streams. Invertebrate populations varied from stream to stream and the effects of the insecticide on the drift reflect community structure and physical parameters in the stream. Numbers of larvae of Chironomidae (Diptera), Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera increase in drift after dosing at concentrations of insecticide less than those recommended for Abate when administered as an emulsifiable concentrate. Drifting blackfly larvae increased from five percent up to 40 percent of total drifting communities after the insecticide was applied.     

Impact of toxic cyanobacteria on gastropods and microcystin accumulation in a eutrophic lake (Grand-Lieu, France) with special reference to Physa (= Physella) acuta

Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are known to accumulate in gastropods following grazing of toxic cyanobacteria and/or absorption of MCs dissolved in water, with adverse effects on life history traits demonstrated in the laboratory. In the field, such effects may vary depending on species, according to their relative sensitivity and ecology. The aims of this study were to i) establish how various intensities of MC-producing cyanobacteria proliferations alter the structure of gastropod community and ii) compare MC tissue concentration in gastropods in the field with those obtained in our previous laboratory experiments on the prosobranch Potamopyrgus antipodarum and the pulmonate Lymnaea stagnalis. We explored these questions through a one-year field study at three stations at Grand-Lieu Lake (France) affected by different intensities of cyanobacteria proliferations. A survey of the community structure and MC content of both cyanobacteria and gastropods was associated with a caging experiment involving P. antipodarum and L. stagnalis. In total, 2592 gastropods belonging to 7 prosobranch and 16 pulmonate species were collected. However, distribution among the stations was unequal with 62% vs 2% of gastropods sampled respectively at the stations with the lowest vs highest concentrations of MC. Irrespective of the station, pulmonates were always more diverse, more abundant and occurred at higher frequencies than prosobranchs. Only the pulmonate Physa acuta occurred at all stations, with abundance and MC tissue concentration (≤ 4.32 µg g DW^− 1) depending on the degrees of MC-producing cyanobacteria proliferations in the stations; therefore, P. acuta is proposed as a potential sentinel species. The caging experiment demonstrated a higher MC accumulation in L. stagnalis (≤ 0.36 µg g DW^− 1 for 71% of individuals) than in P. antipodarum (≤ 0.02 µg g DW^− 1 for 12%), corroborating previous laboratory observations. Results are discussed in terms of differential gastropod sensitivity and MC transfer through the food web.     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐生物降解和环境安全性评价

表面活性剂对环境的影响主要表现在生物降解性。简要概述了目前大量使用的表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐（AES）的厌氧、好氧生物降解以及降解途径。阐述了AES在生物机体中的积累对环境、人体和动物的影响,表明AES在给人类生活和工业发展带来帮助的同时,不会对环境和人体健康造成危害。     

Metal accumulation potential of wild plants in tannery effluent contaminated soil of Kasur, Pakistan: field trials for toxic metal cleanup using Suaeda fruticosa

The tannery effluent contaminated lands, adjacent to Depalpur Road, Kasur, Pakistan, have been rendered infertile due to long term effluent logging from the leather industry. The area has been colonized by twelve plant species among which Suaeda fruticosa, Salvadora oleoides and Calatropis procera have been found to be the most common and high biomass producing plants. S. fruticosa was subjected to further experimentation because of its high biomass and phytoextraction capabilities for metals. The pot and field experiments were carried out simultaneously. Pot experiments were conducted using the same field soil in column pots with stoppard bottoms to obtain the leachate. EDTA treatment caused a greater solubility of Cr in the soil pore water. In higher doses more amount of the heavy metal was leached. The increase in the amount of EDTA significantly caused a decrease in the biomass of plants without toxicity symptoms. A higher biomass of plants was observed in the field as compared to the pot experiment. The greatest amount of Na was accumulated by leaves of S. fruticosa followed by stem and roots. Similarly, the greatest amount of Cr was bioaccumulated by leaves of S. fruticosa, but followed by roots and then stem. S. fruticosa can be employed in rehabilitation of tannery effluent contaminated soil using small doses of EDTA.     

Organochlorine Pesticides,PBBs, And Mercury in Round Whitefish Fillets from Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron, 1977–1978

Successful development of a commercial, small-mesh trap net fishery for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, prompted analysis of round whitefish fillets for selected contaminants [dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and metabolites (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), chlordane, methyl mercury, and total mercury] to determine the fish's suitability for human consumption. Concentrations of all contaminants measured in 1977–1978 were below U. S. Food and Drug Administration action guidelines for fish; PBBs were below detection limits (0.001 mg/kg) for all fillets analyzed. Only PCBs and total DDT residues displayed a strong direct relationship with fish length. Fillets from males consistently exhibited higher mean concentrations of contaminants than did females. No changes in contaminant levels with season were observed.     

The Fate of Pentachlorophenol in the Bay of Quinte,Lake Ontario

Unfiltered water, surface film, sediment, and biota samples were collected from the Bay of Quinte between May and September 1978 and analyzed for chlorophenols (CPs). Sectioned sediment cores were dated using ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs analyses. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was found at high concentrations adjacent to a point source and was detected in all compartments examined throughout the bay (a bioaccumulation factor of 10⁴ was observed for PCP in fish). The ratio of 2,3,4,6- and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenols (TTCPs) to PCP increased with distance from the source in the water column and surface film. Photochemical reduction was proposed to account for the phenomenon. CP concentrations in sectioned cores suggested that settling particles adsorb CPs in similar proportion to that observed in the water column and little further change occurs after burial.