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1.
Sleep modes are widely accepted as an effective technique for energy-efficient networking: by adequately putting to sleep and waking up network resources according to traffic demands, a proportionality between energy consumption and network utilization can be approached, with important reductions in energy consumption. Previous studies have investigated and evaluated sleep modes for wireless access networks, computing variable percentages of energy savings. In this paper we characterize the maximum energy saving that can be achieved in a cellular wireless access network under a given performance constraint. In particular, our approach allows the derivation of realistic estimates of the energy-optimal density of base stations corresponding to a given user density, under a fixed performance constraint. Our results allow different sleep mode proposals to be measured against the maximum theoretically achievable improvement. We show, through numerical evaluation, the possible energy savings in today’s networks, and we further demonstrate that even with the development of highly energy-efficient hardware, a holistic approach incorporating system level techniques is essential to achieving maximum energy efficiency. 相似文献
2.
Deformation behavior of stoichiometric blends made from poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) (SPS) and poly(styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine) (SVP) was investigated by TEM observation of strained thin films. An FTIR investigation revealed that ionic cross-links were formed between the component polymers upon blending due to intermolecular ion-ion interactions, which arose from proton transfer from sulfonic acid groups to pyridine groups. TEM observations indicate that the deformation mode of the blends changed from crazing only to crazing plus shear deformation, with the shear contribution becoming larger, as the ion content in the blends increased. Such changes in deformation mode can be understood as arising from an increase in the ‘effective’ strand density due to the formation of ionic cross-links upon blending. It was also found that the ionic cross-links via pyridinium cation/sulfonate anion ion pairs were more effective in inducing the transition of deformation mode than ionic cross-links via -SO3−/Na+ or -SO3−/Ca2+ ion pairs. 相似文献
3.
在讨论包装技术高级技能人才概念的基础上,从培养的途径、培养的方式等方面进行了详细的分析与探讨. 相似文献
4.
N. A. Kochetov B. S. Seplyarskii S. G. Vadchenko 《International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis》2008,17(3):206-209
Combustion of bulk density Ti powder (containing 20 wt % TiN as a diluent) in a coflow of N2-Ar mixture was investigated upon variation in the nitrogen content of the gaseous mixture. The obtained data are believed
to open up new horizons for fabrication of layered and composite ceramics by infiltration-mediated combustion.
相似文献
5.
W. J. PLUMBRIDGE Y. KARIYA 《Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures》2004,27(8):723-734
With continuing miniaturisation, increased performance demands and the requirement to remove lead from solder alloys, the challenges to structural integrity and reliability of electronic equipment are substantial and increasing. This paper outlines typical features in electronic equipment of which the structural integrity community may be generally unaware. Potential failure modes in service are described, and the problems of scale and material characteristics are considered. Progress in the application of fracture mechanics to the life prediction of interconnections is reviewed. The limited evidence available suggests that the crack growth resistance of silver‐containing lead‐free solders is superior to that of the traditional Sn‐37Pb under cycle‐controlled conditions but there is no difference when time‐dependent conditions prevail. In several respects, it is contended that the electronics sector is faced with challenges at least equivalent to those encountered in gas turbines and nuclear power generation. 相似文献
6.
J. Gegner Priv.‐Doz. Dr. W. Nierlich M. Brückner 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2007,38(8):613-623
Due to clearly distinguishable damage symptoms, it is differentiated between the surface and sub‐surface failure mode of rolling bearings. Material states red out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) residual stress measurements point to a variety of loading conditions especially at raceway surfaces that are associated with several competing failure mechanisms. The corresponding lifetime reduction can range from the lower fatigue strength region to material ratcheting in extreme cases. Relevant position of the microstructural changes and nature of the failure mechanisms are characterized. The time alteration of the XRD material parameters measured at or near the surface and at the depth of the maximum equivalent stress correlates, in a different manner, with the statistical parameter of the 10 % bearing life. Both failure modes are illustrated by concrete examples. Contaminated lubricant and boundary lubrication, which represent practically important surface‐induced failures, are discussed in more detail. Gray staining, i.e. shallow pitting, often occurs without distinct indication of global material aging by means of XRD characteristics. Here, scanning electron microscopy observations and electron microprobe analyses point to corrosion fatigue as acting surface failure mechanism. The interaction between material and lubricant under complex loading regimes particularly of mixed friction and corrosion opens further failure research areas in the field of tribology. 相似文献
7.
8.
Abstract— In response to the increasing structural applications in duplex steels for welded structures, fatigue behaviour of a SAF 2304 grade duplex stainless steel was investigated, considering both the base metal and GTAW welded joints. Fatigue curves and fatigue limits under rotary bending fatigue were obtained. The study focused attention on the microstructural features of fatigue crack propagation of the two series of experiments, thereby permitting an evaluation of the tortuous crack path of welded joints and the mechanisms related to threshold microstructural barriers. 相似文献
9.
In this note we present a proof to the conjecture given in the above paper, and therefore establish the equivalence of characterizations of fixed modes for the general case. 相似文献
10.
S. Subramanian J. J. Lesko K. L. Reifsnider W. W. Stinchcomb 《Applied Composite Materials》1994,1(4):283-300
In this study, the effect of fiber-matrix interphase on the damage modes and failure mechanisms in (0, 903), cross-ply graphite-toughened epoxy laminates is investigated. Two material systems (designated as 810 A and 810 O) with the same fiber and same matrix, but with different fiber sizings, were used to study the effect of the interphase. The system designated as 810 A contained an unreacted Bisphenol-A (epoxy) sizing, while a thermoplastic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sizing was used in the 810 O system. Damage accumulation in the cross-ply laminates under monotonic tensile loading was monitored using edge replication, x-ray radiography, acoustic emission, optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that the fiber-matrix bond strength is lower in the 810 O system compared to the 810 A system. Transverse matrix cracking initiates at a significantly lower stress level in the 810 O laminate. The 810 O laminates also exhibit longitudinal splitting, while the stronger bonding suppress this damage mode in the 810 A laminates. Numerous local delamination occur on the 0/90 interface at the intersection of 0 and 90 degree ply cracks, in the 810 O laminates. These are absent in the 810 A laminates. The failure modes are also different in the two material systems used in this study. The 810 A laminate exhibits a brittle failure, controlled by the local stress concentration effects near broken fibers. In the 810 O laminates, the presence of longitudinal splits result in the reduction of stress concentration effects near fibe fractures. This results in a global strain controlled failure in the 810 O system. It is concluded that the presence of different fiber sizings result in different damage modes and failure mechanisms in the cross-ply laminates used in this study.Research Associate, Research Assistant, Alexander Giacco Professor and Professor respectively. 相似文献