燃气加臭设备与臭剂的选择

介绍了城市燃气加臭设备的要求和工艺流程，并讨论了臭剂的要求与选择原则。     

燃气加臭广义预测精准控制算法研究

燃气加臭浓度精准控制对保证燃气的安全运输和使用具有重要作用。但由于缺乏对终端用户处实际燃气加臭浓度的监控,现有以燃气流量比例开环控制为代表的线性控制算法难以取得很好的控制效果。为此,基于开环阶跃响应最小二乘法辨识,以燃气终端用户处的加臭剂浓度为控制对象,建立了燃气加臭过程的CARIMA模型,在传统广义预测控制基础上提出了一种改进型广义预测控制算法,并通过燃气加臭控制的仿真测试和现场实验验证了该控制算法的可行性。研究结果表明,相较于常规的燃气流量比例开环控制,改进型广义预测控制算法可实时在线精准控制终端用户处的加臭剂浓度,稳态误差小于2 mg/m³,工况变化时超调量小于10%,平均绝对误差小于1.5 mg/m³,可以满足燃气加臭过程精准控制需要。研究成果在提高燃气加臭效率和质量的同时,起到了节约成本和提升燃气安全的作用,具有良好的应用价值。     

Computational Studies of Smell and Taste Receptors

Smell and taste are among the basic senses with which we perceive the world around us. In addition to enabling recognition of chemical moieties that provide social or nutritional clues, taste and smell receptors are expressed in many extraoral tissues, including the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems. It is, therefore, likely that taste and smell receptors have additional physiological roles, which are currently under intensive study. Most of the taste modalities, as well as olfaction, are mediated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Recent breakthroughs in crystallography and signaling studies of GPCRs (celebrated by the 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka) provide excellent opportunities for applying this information towards furthering our understanding of taste and smell signaling. No crystal structures of odorant or taste receptors are currently available. However, computational techniques, many of which stem from the pioneering contributions of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureates, Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel, can shed light on the function of taste and olfactory GPCRs. In this review, we highlight examples of iterative combinations of simulation and experiment that were successfully applied toward delineating binding modes of tastants and odorants and toward predicting additional ligands. Further studies are required in order to answer remaining questions regarding receptor promiscuity versus selectivity, the details of receptor coupling to G-proteins, and the roles of oligomerization and of allosteric modulation in taste and smell transduction.     

Acute illness induces the release of aversive odor cues from adult, but not prepubertal, male rats and suppresses social investigation by conspecifics.

The present study examined odorant communication during acute illness provoked by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg) and how these effects vary between prepubertal and adult conspecifics. Exposure to odor of LPS-treated adult male rats produced increased avoidance in both sexes of adults and prepubertal male partners. This response was not found when they were exposed to odor of LPS-treated prepubertal males. Even a 2.5-fold higher load of LPS in prepubertal males failed to produce aversive odor cues, suggesting that the difference in the odor is not a simple issue of dose/body volume. Both estradiol benzoate (20 μg/kg) and testosterone propionate (500 μg/kg), but not dihydrotestosterone (500 μg/kg) pretreatment in prepubertal males administered LPS restored the expression of aversive odor. These hormone treatments per se did not influence odor properties of prepubertal males, indicating that estrogen receptors may play a key regulatory role in the expression of aversive odor in LPS-treated prepubertal rats. These data suggest that the expression of sickness-related odor emerges through puberty, and likely involves a complex interaction between inflammation and sex steroids across development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Odor discrimination by G protein-coupled olfactory receptors

The vertebrate olfactory system possesses a remarkable capacity to recognize and discriminate a variety of odorants by sending the coding information from peripheral olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb of the brain. The recognition of odorants appear to be mediated by a G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that consists of approximately 1% of total genes in vertebrates. Since the first discovery of the olfactory receptor gene superfamily in the rat, similar chemosensory receptors have been found in various species across different phyla. The functions of these receptors, however, had been uncharacterized until the recently successful functional expression and ligand screening of some olfactory receptors in various cell expression systems. The functional cloning of odorant receptors from single olfactory neurons allowed for the identification of multiple receptors that recognized a particular odorant of interest. Reconstitution of the odorant responses demonstrated that odorant receptors recognized various structurally-related odorant molecules with a specific molecular receptive range, and that odor discrimination is established based on a combinatorial receptor code model in which the identities of different odorants are encoded by a combination of odorant receptors. The receptor code for an odorant changes at different odorant concentrations, consistent with our experience that perceived quality of an odorant changes at different concentrations. The molecular bases of odor discrimination at the level of olfactory receptors appear to correlate well with the receptive field in the olfactory bulb where the input signal is further processed to create the specific odor maps.     

Determination of potent odorants in apple by headspace gas dilution analysis

Gas chromatography-olfactometry with headspace gas dilution analysis was used to evaluate the odor potencies of volatile compounds in Fuji apple. To improve the resolution of volatile compounds, the dilution analysis was conducted on two types of capillary columns with different polarities. Thirty three and 20 compounds were identified on DB-WAX and DB-5 columns, respectively. Methyl 2-methylbutanoate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, isopentyl formate, butyl acetate and hexyl acetate as well as hexanal were important odor contributors in the headspace gas of apple on the basis of high Flavor Dilution (FD) factors. Threshold values-in-air of these compounds were also estimated from the relationships between their FD factors and concentrations. Methyl 2-methylbutanoate and ethyl 2-methylbutanote were considered as the most potent odorants because of their lowest threshold values. In addition, the threshold values-in-air of isopentyl formate, isopentyl acetate and butyl isobutanoate, which have never been reported, were estimated at 0.149, 1.95 and 0.00607 μl/l, respectively.     

城镇燃气加臭技术与应用（上）

探讨了燃气加臭剂的标准、分类、选择和加臭量的确定,介绍了燃气加臭量的检测：     

液化石油气中加臭剂的检测与控制

论述了对液化石油气中加臭剂进行检测的必要性,介绍了加臭剂的检测方法和仪器选择。结合加臭剂检测的实践,探讨了加臭剂的控制措施。     

Predicting odorant quality perceptions from multidimensional scaling of olfactory bulb glomerular activity patterns.

Odorants and their perceptions differ along multiple dimensions, requiring that a critical examination of any putative neural code directly assess the multidimensional nature of the encoding process. Previous work has examined simple, systematic odorant differences that, regardless of coding strategy, would be expected to produce simple, systematic predictions in neural and behavioral responses. In the present study, an odorant identification confusion matrix task that extracts precise quality relationships across odorants was used to determine whether spatially specific glomerular activity patterns predict perceptual quality relationships for odorants that cannot easily be classified a priori along a single chemical dimension. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of odorant pattern similarity measures derived from the comparison of [14C]-2-deoxyglucose glomerular activity pattern data yielded a two-dimensional odorant activity space that was highly significantly predictive of similarly obtained odorant perceptual spaces, uniformly across animals. These results strongly support the relevance of global spatial patterns in the olfactory bulb to the encoding of odor quality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

严寒地区太阳能土壤源热泵季节性土壤蓄热

针对严寒地区太阳能-土壤源热泵初期冬季土壤温度过低导致供热不达标、土壤热量以年为周期不平衡等问题,提出利用太阳能-土壤源热泵现有装置进行太阳能季节性土壤蓄热的解决方案。进行了冬季供暖、太阳能季节性土壤蓄热实验和夏季供冷实验。太阳能季节性土壤蓄热对于供暖和供冷都有利。土壤温度在蓄热结束时明显高于初始温度,土壤热量得到了有效补充。季节性蓄热能够使太阳能一土壤源热泵系统更充分利用太阳能,在严寒地区得到更好应用。