Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative

In this work, we co‐formulated an oil‐borne copper naphthenate/permethrin wood preservative system with synthetic polymer‐based fire‐retardant additives prior to the impregnation of Pinus radiata sapwood. We evaluated what effect, if any, the preservative had upon the fire performance properties of the fire retardants and whether the fire retardants impacted on the fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy of the preservative. The fire retardants included halogenated and phosphorus‐based systems. A mass loss calorimeter, in conjunction with a thermopile, was used to measure the time to ignition and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) from which the fire performance index (FPI) was determined. The preservative properties were evaluated using termite and soil‐block decay bioassays. In summary, we found that the rate of fire growth was reduced when the fire retardants were used in combination with the wood preservative. We also found that the PHRR was a better determinant of fire performance than the FPI. The performance of the wood preservative was enhanced against fungal decay and termite attack when used in combination with the fire retardants. The fire retardants also demonstrated some wood preservative properties of their own. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Degenerative process and cell death in salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) semi-engorged female exposed to the acaricide permethrin

Ticks are ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary importance around the world and synthetic chemicals such as permethrin have been used for their control. This study provides a cytochemistry analysis of both degenerative and cell death processes in salivary glands of the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females exposed to 206, 1,031, and 2,062 ppm of permethrin. The results presented herein demonstrate that permethrin is a potent chemical acaricide that would act on the glandular tissue's morphophysiology in this tick species by eliciting severe changes in the acinus shape, intense vacuolation of the acinar cells' cytoplasm, marked glandular tissue disorganization, culminating in an advanced degenerative stage with consequent formation of many apoptotic bodies (cell death). In addition, permethrin induced major changes in the acinar cells' nucleus, such as a change both in its shape and size, chromatin marginalization, nuclear fragmentation, and appearance of picnotic nuclei, especially when the highest concentrations of the product were used. Thus, permethrin induced early degeneration of this tissue characterized by significant changes in the structure of acinar cells and production of enzymes related to the cell death process, in addition to interfering directly in the genetic material of these cells.     

Determination of pyrethroids in chicken egg samples: development and validation of a confirmatory analytical method by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an efficient analytical method based on gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) for detection and quantification of six pyrethroids residues (Phenothrin, Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin and Fenvalerate) in chicken eggs. The method was based on a preliminary liquid–liquid extraction of albumen‐free yolk samples, followed by a clean‐up by solid‐phase extraction. GC/MS/MS analyses were carried out in the selected reaction monitoring mode. Validation parameters such as specificity, detection capability, decision limit, precision, recovery, stability and ruggedness were determined, resulting in compliance with Decision 2002/657/EC. No complicated apparatus are required; moreover, low volumes of organic solvents and a nonintensive manual labour are required. These low costs and simple procedure, based on rapid and safe operations, may represent a useful tool in the routine analysis of pyrethroids pesticides, in the place of the currently used conventional techniques.     

水基气雾剂中右旋炔丙菊酯、右旋苯醚菊酯、氯菊酯气相色谱法测定

目的:建立水基气雾剂中右旋炔丙菊酯、右旋苯醚菊酯、氯菊酯的气相检测方法。方法:采用邻苯二甲酸二戊酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯两种物质作内标进行对比,丙酮作为溶剂,用HP-5的毛细管柱为分离柱,采用程序升温的方法进行分离,FID检测器,进样口温度300℃,检测器温度300℃,柱温初始180℃以20℃/min升温至280℃,保留5 min。结果:3种物质在标样与内标质量比1∶5~5∶1范围内呈良好线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,回收率为92.34%~105.12%,RSD为0.182%~0.649%。结论:此方法准确可靠,并且检测快速、高效,对原有方法进行补充。     

Mothproofing Agents in UK Wool Textile Effluents

Mothproofing is an essential part of the manufacture of wool and wool-blend carpets and until now has usually been combined with another textile wet process, such as dyeing, to save cost.
Environmental quality standards for mothproofing agents in surface waters have recently been introduced. Compliance with these standards will require a reduction of more than 90% in the mothproofing agent content of industrial effluents in parts of the UK where mothproofing activity is most concentrated. In order to achieve such a reduction, it is proprosed that the carpet industry should install new methods of applying mothproofing agents, aimed at source reduction, rather than by adopting end-of-pipe measures.
Two new low-pollution mothproofing technologies are described in detail, and a summary is given of other possibilities.     

β-环糊精/氯菊酯包合物制备工艺优化

文章采用超声波法制备了β-环糊精/氯菊酯超分子包合物。采用正交设计研究氯菊酯与β-环糊精的主客体摩尔比、包合温度和包合时间等对包合作用的影响,优选出超声波法制备了β-环糊精/氯菊酯超分子包合物的最佳工艺条件。借助紫外光谱、红外光谱、差热分析证明了超分子包合物的形成。     

衣康酸型可聚合乳化剂的合成及在细乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯/氯菊酯纳米胶囊中的应用

合成了可聚合乳化剂衣康酸单十二酯丙基磺酸钠,并将其应用于细乳液聚合法制备聚苯乙烯/氯菊酯纳米胶囊。考察了引发剂类型、乳化剂用量、交联剂和助稳定剂对聚苯乙烯/氯菊酯纳米胶囊粒径、包覆率的影响。采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱和透射电镜等表征手段对衣康酸单十二酯丙基磺酸钠的结构和聚苯乙烯/氯菊酯纳米胶囊的形貌进行了研究。研究结果表明:当衣康酸单十二酯丙基磺酸钠的用量占油相质量1.33%时,所制得的纳米胶囊粒径分布均匀,大小在500 nm左右;相比水溶性引发剂,油溶性引发剂引发聚合制得的纳米胶囊具有较大的包覆量;交联剂和助稳定剂的加入有助于对氯菊酯的包覆。     

6%高效氯氰菊酯·氯菊酯水乳剂的高效液相色谱分析

采用高效液相色谱法,使用正相硅胶柱和可变波长紫外检测器,以石油醚-乙酸乙酯混合溶剂为流动相,用外标法对6%高效氯氰菊酯·氯菊酯混配制剂中的有效成分进行同柱定量分析.方法的标准偏差分别为0.038、0.020,变异系数分别为1.35%、1.22%,平均回收率均为99.0%.     

气雾杀虫剂的气相色谱分析

采用气相色谱法,选用４％ＳＥ３０＋４％ＯＶ１０１的填充柱,以邻苯二甲酸二戊酯为内标,在２３０℃柱温下,用ＦＩＤ检测器对气雾杀虫剂的胺菊酯,氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯进行定量分析。该法的线性相关系数分别为：胺菊酯ｒ＝０．９９９８,氯菊酯ｒ＝０．９９５０氯氰菊酯ｒ＝０．９９９９;该法的标准偏差分别为：胺菊酯０．０７３,氯菊酯０．０２８,氯氰菊酯０．０１１。     

杀虫气雾剂中未经登记农药成分的检测

采用气相色谱-质谱联用定性,液相色谱定量检测杀虫气雾剂样品中未经登记的农药成分。结果显示,市售杀虫气雾剂质量参差不齐,部分产品违规添加氯烯炔菊酯和氯菊酯,部分产品甚至未检测出登记农药成分。