食品高压装置

高压装置是研究高压食品科学、开发和生产高压食品的核心设备，能否提供性能优良、价格相对便宜的装置是高压食品产业化的关键。本文系统介绍食品高压处理装置的类型、结构、性能、特点及最新研究进展，并就如何降低高压装置造价，提高生产能力等关键问题进行探讨。     

铝合金局部加压凝固及流动数值模拟的研究

局部加压方法是压铸中用于消除铸件厚壁处缩孔缺陷的一种新工艺.本研究通过实验模型测量了不同加压条件下铸件的冷却曲线,分析了局部加压引起的凝固变化.考虑局部加压引起的补缩流动,通过适时修改网格文件、初始和边界条件的方法,模拟了局部加压过程中铝合金的凝固及流动变化,并与实验结果进行了对比,二者基本吻合.     

Kinetics of Pressure Cycling Extraction of Solute from Leaves of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Dispersed in Water

A set of seven extraction experiments was performed to investigate the influence of pressure cycles on the kinetics of solute removal from leaves of mate dispersed in water. The mass ratio of liquid to dry solid (40), the temperature (32°C), and time of extraction (3600?s) were not varied. Five extraction runs were under cyclic pressurization (1?cycle?=?300?s at 91.4?kPa?+?300?s at 182.8?kPa) and stirring speeds (S) of 0, 150, 500, 1500, and 2000?rpm, while the two other ones were at constant pressure (182.8?kPa) and S close to 1500 and 2000?rpm. Based on seven pairs of parameters of a reliable second-order kinetic model (R²?≥?0.967), cyclic pressurization had no effect on equilibrium and kinetics of extraction (p?>?0.05) when the role of convection on solute transfer was negligible (S?≥?500?rpm). In the stirring speed range from 500 to 2000?rpm, the operation was controlled by diffusion (Bi >?1.7?×?10³), so a transient two-dimensional diffusion model was able to describe correctly the changes of solute concentration with time. Below 500?rpm, solute transfer was governed by a combination of diffusion and convection with the external resistance to mass transfer as a function of S (16?≤?Bi?≤?28).     

苯乙烯装置尾气增压系统腐蚀分析

在苯乙烯装置吸收塔顶的尾气中,氢气体积分数超过90％,为了更好地回收利用氢气,在尾气出装置前设置尾气增压系统进行4级压缩,每级压缩后采用水冷器降温.在大修期间检查发现,水冷器气体侧的壳体内壁局部发生严重坑蚀.分析认为,该系统的腐蚀是由二氧化碳引起的.建议对该系统进行材质升级或在水冷器的壳体液相发生腐蚀的区域衬一层厚度1...     

复杂结构ADC12铝合金汽车支架挤压铸造工艺参数优化

目的 解决ADC12铝合金汽车发动机支架在挤压铸造成形工艺下的缺陷问题。方法 利用ProCAST模拟软件对该汽车发动机支架的挤压铸造充型和凝固过程进行模拟,对挤压铸造工艺参数进行正交试验设计并模拟得到最佳工艺参数,对铸件浇注远端厚壁部位采取局部加压优化措施,并对厚壁部位进行X-Ray探伤,观察铸件的缺陷情况。结果 对挤压铸造的工艺参数进行正交试验极差分析后,发现各工艺参数按对铸件凝固后质量的影响程度从大到小的顺序依次为挤压比压、浇注温度、模具温度。通过正交试验得到优化后的工艺参数为浇注温度730 ℃、模具温度300 ℃、挤压比压150 MPa。局部加压时挤压销的最佳激活时间为4 s,此时可以完全消除铸件内部的缩孔缩松缺陷。选择优化后的工艺参数生产该汽车发动机支架,产品外观完整,没有出现表面裂纹等缺陷。在X-Ray探伤下无明显缺陷,内部质量良好。结论 选择合理的浇注温度、模具温度和挤压比压可以有效减少铸件内部的缩孔缩松缺陷,采用局部加压并合理控制挤压销的激活时间可以完全消除缩孔缩松缺陷。     

中间气两步充压对快速真空变压吸附制氧的影响

针对快速变压吸附制氧浓度和回收率低问题,提出了用于提高产氧浓度和回收率的中间气两步充压的快速真空变压吸附流程,并对该流程进行了研究。结果表明：在快速真空变压吸附制氧过程中,中间气先在出气端充压可以有效提高产氧浓度,之后再在进气端充压可提高氧气回收率。出气端充压前中间气压力及氧浓度和进气端充压后床层压力是影响产氧浓度和回收率提高的关键参数。当吸附和解吸压力分别为240、60 kPa时,循环氧气回收率为34.57%,且每天产单位吨氧需吸附剂量为61.18 kg·TPD^-1。     

塔河油田盐下探井三开长裸眼井壁稳定问题的探讨

塔河油田盐下探井设计井深在6300 m左右,三开φ 311.1 mm井段为井深3000～5300 m.在这一井段面临的井眼稳定问题主要是:①侏罗系-三叠系、石炭系上部硬脆性泥岩及二叠系玄武岩地层易剥落和掉块、坍塌,扩径严重;②需要解决裸眼段多个地层压力系统共存和地层岩性差异较大的漏失问题,目前承压堵漏工艺技术还不过关;③巨厚盐膏层的塑性变形极易导致发生缩径卡钻,由于含盐膏泥页岩中的盐溶解及泥页岩的水化分散作用易造成井壁的不稳定性.近期在φ 311.1 mm井段发生了多起事故,例S106-3井、T761井下复合套管卡钻;TK1102井、TK1103井承压堵漏后,在盐膏层钻进中又发生井漏事故等等.因此提出盐下探井三开井段井壁稳定是全井钻井液技术的关键,并针对目前三开井段存在的问题,提出了稳定该井段井壁的技术思路和措施.     

东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段超压成因及增压模式

滩坝砂岩是东营凹陷西部沙四上亚段的重要沉积储层,超压对滩坝砂岩油气成藏具有明显的控制作用。利用测井参数对超压的响应特征建立了超压成因的判别方法并对超压成因进行了分析,认为东营凹陷沙四上亚段深湖相沉积物的快速沉积埋藏使得欠压实成为超压形成重要因素;沙四上亚段优质烃源岩的广泛发育及热演化使得生烃增压成为超压形成的另一个重要原因。建立了东营凹陷西部增压模式,将超压的演化分为正常压实阶段、欠压实及早期生烃增压阶段以及大量生、排烃增压三个阶段,在超压发育的不同阶段,欠压实与生烃增压先后成为最重要的因素。     

The result of a wall failure in-pile experiment under the EAGLE project

The WF (wall failure) test of the EAGLE program, in which 2 kg of uranium dioxide fuel-pins were melted by nuclear heating, was successfully conducted in the IGR (Impulse Graphite Reactor) of NNC/Kazakhstan. In this test, a 3 mm-thick stainless steel (SS) wall structure was placed between fuel pins and a 10 mm-thick sodium-filled channel (sodium gap). During the transient, fuel pins were heated, which led to the formation of a fuel-steel mixture pool. Under the transient nuclear heating condition, the SS wall was strongly heated by the molten pool, leading to wall failure. The time needed for fuel penetration into the sodium-filled gap was very short (less than 1 s after the pool formation). The result suggests that molten core materials formed in hypothetical LMFBR core disruptive accidents have a certain potential to destroy SS-wall boundaries early in the accident phase, thereby providing fuel escape paths from the core region. The early establishment of such fuel escape paths is regarded as a favorable characteristic in eliminating the possibility of severe re-criticality events. A preliminary interpretation on the WF test results is presented in this paper.     

液体火箭贮箱增压过程数值模拟研究

基于流体体积函数方法建立了N2O4贮箱的二维轴对称非稳态模型,对贮箱增压过程进行了数值模拟。通过模拟结果与火箭遥测数据的对比分析证明了模型建立的合理性。模拟结果显示,贮箱内外壁面温度接近,气枕顶部温度较高。将增压消能器等效处理为I、II两种结构。对于结构I,在飞行末期整个气枕存在明显的轴向温度分层,而结构II与I相比,贮箱顶部壁面附近的温度明显低于结构I的温度,且增压气体对液面没有明显冲击作用,在设计增压消能器时宜选结构II。