从语用预设解读英语幽默

从语用学预设理论出发,探讨语用学规律是怎样用于制造幽默效果的,并从语用预设的角度对言语幽默进行了分析和解读。分析时所基于的理论基础是语用预设具有共知性,合适性,可取消性和主观性等特点,可以用来恰如其分地分析幽默,为幽默的鉴赏和创作提供一个不同视角,同时可以提高对英语幽默的欣赏水平。     

自然语言中的预设问题

介绍了弗雷格的预设理论、罗素的预设观点和斯特劳森的预设思想,追溯了预设理论的哲学渊源,分析了语言学研究预设的视角,在此基础上探讨了预设触发语和预设的投射问题。     

钢筋混凝土单筋矩形截面受弯构件的经济截面设计

通过钢筋混凝土矩形截面受弯构件截面经济设计,采用假设前提,基本应用公式,确定受弯构件经济截面,降低受弯构件造价,取得合理设计意义。     

句法变换中的语义语用预设

句法变换的心理过程往往不为人所觉察.然而研究显示:句法变换从起点(原式)到终点(变换式)的操作并不是一次性完成的,其间还有由语义或语用预设所引发的一系列认知运作和神经加工过程,语义和语用预设可以参与而且主导着句法变换的操作程序.运用认知语言学的理论建立了句法变换的认知模型,可对句法多(歧)义的变换具有较强的解释力,有助于更好的理解和运用句法变换的操作.     

浅说预设

简述了预设理论的历史渊源及其分类，并简单分析了语义预设与语用预设的区别，提出析出预设的意义。     

Interpreting Presuppositions Using Active Logic: From Contexts to Utterances

Presupposition is a pervasive feature of human language. It involves many interesting interactions between the utterances of a discourse and the context of the discourse. In this paper we focus on issues of logical form connected with the interaction of presupposition and discourse context, and illustrate our theory with some implementational work using the active logic framework. After reviewing some of the major issues in presupposition theory we turn to a largely successful unified approach of Heim. We show how the main principles of this theory can be implemented in active logic. But we also find two serious difficulties. These consist in (a) a straightforward counterexample and (b) a type of discourse that we call a garden‐path discourse. We maintain that both the counterexample and the garden‐path type of discourse can be handled by our active‐logic version of Heim's theory. This requires us to reformulate and extend Heim's theorey. Although this work is largely theoretical, both Heim's theory and ours have important things to say about the incremental processing of the utterances that make up discourse. And we present our theory as a specification of a processing device that takes logical form of a sentence along with current discourse context as input and delivers an updated discourse context as output. As an experiment, we have implemented portions of this device.     

翻译中的文化预设与译者之抉择的功能视角

"预设"(presupposition)可被定义为一种语用推理,与发送者假定接受者拥有的且为提取发送者信息所必需的语言和语言外知识相关。文化预设在传达源语篇的文化或社会文化特殊性信息方面必不可少,按照Holz-Mntri的翻译行为理论,翻译被视为有目的并涉及跨文化转换的人类活动。Nord提出,译者应首先比较委托书中确定的源语篇和目的语篇样态(诸如意图达到的语篇功能和受众),以确定两个语篇的差异,分析源语篇以确定翻译策略的功能优先性。Nord提出了源语篇分析的语篇内因素,预设性分析是其中之一。考虑到许多困难源自源语篇读者和目的语篇读者之间的文化背景的差异性,可以认为,译者要给目的语篇读者留下怎样的印象,文化预设的作用非同小可。译者为这些读者提供的文化背景多少,取决于要达到的效果,译者可根据翻译目的应用文化预设达到相应的目标。     

论诠释学视域中的儒家教学智慧

教学文本是一种内含价值的符号系统,教学阐释、理解主体基于自身的经验接受文本意义或生成意义。这决定了教学中的文本阐释始终处于两难,这种两难就是解释学发展史上所谓的理解的主观性与客观性、理解的趋同性与创造性以及：意义的确定性与多元性的“解释学冲突”。在化解这种冲突,解答新课程教学出现所谓的“预设”与“生成”的困惑等方面,儒家经典的文本阐释智慧能给人有益的启发。     

预设下的英语阅读教学探析

预设是语言交际中语句未直接表达出来但却隐含着的语言及语言背景知识。阅读理解的过程就是要成功解读作者预设的过程。在英语阅读教学中传授适当的预设知识将有助于学生进一步提高阅读理解能力。     

A Partial Account of Presupposition Projection

In this paper it is shown how a partial semantics for presuppositions can be given which is empirically more satisfactory than its predecessors, and how this semantics can be integrated with a technically sound, compositional grammar in the Montagovian fashion. Additionally, it is argued that the classical objection to partial accounts of presupposition projection, namely that they lack “flexibility,” is based on a misconception. Partial logics can give rise to flexible predictions without postulating any ad hoc ambiguities. Finally, it is shown how the partial foundation can be combined with a dynamic system of common-ground maintenance to account for accommodation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.