Conceptual design of a high-efficiency absorption cooling cycle

The search for high-efficiency, gas-fired cooling cycles has led to the development of dual-loop absorption machines with cooling coefficients of performance (COPs) in the 1.2 to 1.7 range. This increased performance may call for high generator temperatures, new working fluids or new materials of construction. In most cases, two different sets of working fluids are required. The conceptual design presented here is aimed at obtaining high efficiencies with relatively low temperatures, employing only one set of fluids. The concept consists of two loops coupled in a configuration aimed at minimizing the loss of thermodynamic availability incurred when transferring refrigerant between the loops. The working fluid pair is a solution of lithium bromide-water. The calculated COPs are of the order of 1.8. The cycle relies on an elaborate evaporator-absorber combination. The paper presents the conceptual design, the critical assumptions, and the performance calculations for the concept.     

Calculation methods for comparing the performance of pure and mixed working fluids in heat pump applications

Three methods for comparing cycle performance of working fluids, pure as well as non-azeotropic mixtures, are investigated for two applications and for two mixture pairs, HCFC22-CFC114 and HCFC22-HCFC142b, and their pure components. The methods differ in the way of calculating the heat exchange processes. They assume, respectively, equal minimum approach temperatures, equal mean temperature differences and equal heat transfer areas. Changes of coefficient of performance (COP) with composition are explained for all methods. It is shown that transport properties must be taken into account when making rigorous comparisons between working fluids. To predict the relations between fluids with high accuracy, one must use the method with equal heat transfer areas. By the method with equal mean temperature differences, the COP can be estimated with the same accuracy for mixtures as for pure fluids, and can be used for rough estimations of the COP level with different fluids. The method of equal minimum approach temperatures should be avoided for non-azeotropic mixtures.     

采用变回水温度控制策略的空气源热泵空调系统研究

为了提高空气源热泵空调系统运行性能,研究了一套采用变回水温度控制策略的空气源热泵机组的制冷性能。实验研究表明,变回水温度工况可满足室内冷负荷需求。与传统采用定12℃回水温度的空气源热泵空调系统相比,COP更高,耗电量更小,是一种高效节能的空气源热泵空调系统控制方法。此外,所建立的Dymola模型从理论上验证了实验结果,在此基础上模拟实际空调系统的能耗,模拟结果表明,COP由3.99提高至4.39,提高了10%。     

Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with ejector-expansion device

An ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ refrigeration cycle is proposed to improve the COP of the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle by reducing the expansion process losses. A constant pressure mixing model for the ejector was established to perform the thermodynamic analysis of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle. The effect of the entrainment ratio and the pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was investigated for typical air conditioning operation conditions. The effect of different operating conditions on the relative performance of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle was also investigated using assumed values for the entrainment ratio and pressure drop in the receiving section of the ejector. It was found that the COP of the ejector expansion transcritical CO₂ cycle can be improved by more than 16% over the basic transcritical CO₂ cycle for typical air conditioning operation conditions.     

Applying grey forecasting to predicting the operating energy performance of air cooled water chillers

Grey forecasting has found applications in finance, social science, economics, etc. However, its applications in air conditioning and refrigeration have not been reported. This paper reports on a study where grey forecasting method is applied to predicting the operating energy performance for an air cooled water chiller (ACWC) units, so as to demonstrate this forecasting approach can be applied to building Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) installations. In this paper, a brief introduction of the background and fundamentals of grey forecasting is firstly presented. This is followed by reporting the application of grey forecasting to an ACWC unit installed in Northern China for predicting its operating energy performance using the variation ratio of coefficient of performance (ΔCOP). The predicted values of ΔCOP agreed well with the measured ΔCOP, demonstrating that grey forecasting may be used for predicting the operating energy performance of an ACWC unit with a high accuracy. Finally, the potential use of grey forecasting in fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) or energy management systems (EMSs) for air conditioning and refrigeration systems is assessed, and the comparison with the prediction method based on artificial neural network (ANN) discussed.     

The Role of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Chloroplast Function

Chloroplasts are ancient organelles responsible for photosynthesis and various biosynthetic functions essential to most life on Earth. Many of these functions require tightly controlled regulatory processes to maintain homeostasis at the protein level. One such regulatory mechanism is the ubiquitin-proteasome system whose fundamental role is increasingly emerging in chloroplasts. In particular, the role of E3 ubiquitin ligases as determinants in the ubiquitination and degradation of specific intra-chloroplast proteins. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the roles of plant E3 ubiquitin ligases SP1, COP1, PUB4, CHIP, and TT3.1 as well as the ubiquitin-dependent segregase CDC48 in chloroplast function.     

FgCsn12 Is Involved in the Regulation of Ascosporogenesis in the Wheat Scab Fungus Fusarium graminearum

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ascospores are the primary inoculum of F. graminearum, and sexual reproduction is a critical step in its infection cycle. In this study, we characterized the functions of FgCsn12. Although the ortholog of FgCsn12 in budding yeast was reported to have a direct interaction with Csn5, which served as the core subunit of the COP9 signalosome, the interaction between FgCsn12 and FgCsn5 was not detected through the yeast two-hybrid assay. The deletion of FgCSN12 resulted in slight defects in the growth rate, conidial morphology, and pathogenicity. Instead of forming four-celled, uninucleate ascospores, the Fgcsn12 deletion mutant produced oval ascospores with only one or two cells and was significantly defective in ascospore discharge. The 3′UTR of FgCsn12 was dispensable for vegetative growth but essential for sexual reproductive functions. Compared with those of the wild type, 1204 genes and 2240 genes were up- and downregulated over twofold, respectively, in the Fgcsn12 mutant. Taken together, FgCsn12 demonstrated an important function in the regulation of ascosporogenesis in F. graminearum.     

户式地源热泵机组的改进

阐述地源热泵在国内外的发展和户式地源热泵的特点以及目前存在的问题,并提出一个系统机组的优化方案,在传统系统中加入回热器．通过初步的测试研究表明对提高地源热泵的COP和改善其运行性能有较好的效果,对热泵机组的实际应用具有指导意义。     

不同进口结构对热泵热水器释能过程性能实验研究

为提高空气源热泵热水器释能过程热水输出率与能效比,本文设计了一种弧形挡板型进口结构,搭建了热泵热水器实验台,以热水输出率和系统COP为评价指标,对比实验了含新型挡板进口结构的热泵热水器与直接型和侧进型进口结构热泵热水器的性能,获得弧形挡板进口对热泵热水器释能过程运行性能的影响特性。结果表明：弧形挡板型进口结构能显著改善水箱沿高度方向的热分层现象;当进口流量在5～10 L/min之间变化时,弧形挡板型进口结构比直接型进口结构热水输出率提升52.87%～96.60%,系统COP提升7.14%～7.40%;比侧进型进口结构热水输出率提升38.37%～76.99%,系统COP提升3.22%～5.53%。随着进口流量的增加,性能提升越显著。弧形挡板型进口结构在给定的三种进口流量下始终优于另外两种进口结构,可实现热水输出率和系统COP双高效的运行效果。     

电厂循环水余热利用工程中热泵制热性能系数测试不确定度分析

应用吸收式热泵回收电厂循环水余热用于城市集中供热,是一项新兴的节能技术,相关的性能验收试验标准尚未制定。对热泵性能验收试验中各直接、间接测量参数及最终试验结果制热性能系数（coefficient of performance,COP）的不确定度评定方法进行了分析,给出相应的计算公式,并以某300 MW供热机组循环水余热利用工程为例进行了热泵COP测试不确定度评定。不确定度计算分析结果表明：降低热网水流量、凝结水流量、热网水进出口温度等参数的测量不确定度,可提高测试结果的可用性。