Herding Cats

Abstract

With the rapid growth in the number of electronic resources available via the Internet, a variety of methods have been developed to organize and access these objects. Librarians, scholars, and computing engineers have each applied their own techniques to the process. This article examines the strengths and weaknesses of organizational systems developed by each group. The appropriateness of including remotely accessed electronic resources as part of a library collection is discussed, and the success of traditional cataloging methods and structures for describing remote electronic resources is examined. These traditional cataloging techniques are compared to other methods for describing, organizing, and accessing electronic documents such as TEI headers, browsing lists, and robot generated search indexes. For Metacatalogs of the future to be successful tools for organizing and accessing all information, methods must be developed to utilize all existing organizational tools by layering, exchanging, and translating data within a loosely-coupled organizational system.     

基于XML／RDF的MARC元数据描述研究

数字图书馆建设中如何实现元数据的互操作是数字图书馆中元数据组织所面临的主要问题。对元数据互操作方法进行分析，指出元数据映射方法的不足，建议采用基于XML／RDF的标准描述方法解决数字图书馆中元数据互操作的问题。重点研究基于XML／RDF的MARC格式的描述。从而解决传统MARC格式在数字图书馆中应用的问题。这对目前广大图书馆中现存的大量的MARC数据在数字图书馆中的应用具有重要意义。     

Wind comfort in a public urban space—Case study within Dublin Docklands

Open public spaces provide venues for cultural, recreational events and promote informal social contact between citizens. Successful outdoor spaces promote comfort and invite people to stay outdoors. Provision of thermal comfort outdoors present a challenge, as an extended range of environmental conditions must be dealt with. The present study examines whether climatic characteristics in Dublin facilitate exercising long-term outdoor activities during summer, and investigates the extent to which urban planning and the resulting urban morphology of the built environment influences microclimates created, from the viewpoint of wind environment. Microclimates at Grand Canal Square have been simulated by ENVI-met. Wind velocity has been expressed in relation to that of the ‘‘background’’ climate in order to verify if the site has a wind protecting character or to the contrary, it enhances airflow. The results show for the dominant wind directions (W, SW, S) that 60% higher wind velocity than at Dublin Airport can occur around buildingcornersandatrestrictedflowsections—preventing any kind of long-term outdoor activity during a ‘‘typical’’ day. S and SW winds cause 15%-20% acceleration at the W waterfront area. Windy urban environment can call forth a limited frequentation of urban space.     

Coupons,Clothing and Class: The Rationing of Dress in Ireland, 1942–1948

This paper will explore how clothes rationing impacted upon the population of Ireland during the Second World War and how the restrictions were encountered by the general population. It allows for a reconsideration of the period with particular reference to notions of respectability and class, and how these were manifested in dress and fashion. It will also examine the concept of Dublin as a destination, both during and after the war, for the purchase of Irish manufactures and clothing types which remained scarce in Britain and on continental Europe. It will draw upon a diverse range of sources including the espionage reports provided to Winston Churchill by the Anglo-Irish writer, Elizabeth Bowen, contemporary fiction, memoirs, travelogues, government papers, newspaper reports and advertisements. These vivid accounts will reveal much about a period which has received little consideration from dress historians within the Irish context.     

资源整合门户的电子图书描述元数据规范

在讨论资源整合门户集成的数字资源的现实问题基础上,论述了描述元数据规范的意义及描述元数据规范标准;最后从分析资源对象、确定元数据元素列表等方面阐述电子图书元数据规范的设计.     

Association between bulk-tank milk Salmonella antibody level and high calf mortality in Danish dairy herds

Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica Dublin is the most common Salmonella serotype found in the dairy sector in Denmark. Salmonella antibody level in bulk-tank milk (BTM), indicative of Salmonella Dublin infection in the herd, has been recorded regularly in all Danish dairy herds through a surveillance program since 2002. The objective of this study was to investigate whether high BTM Salmonella antibody level was associated with high calf mortality at herd level. Other risk factors for high calf mortality were also investigated: breed, production type (organic vs. conventional), number of animals purchased, herd size, and number of neighbor herds within a 4.9-km radius. Data from the Danish Cattle Database including the Salmonella surveillance program from September 2007 through August 2008 were used. Dairy herds with more than 20 cows were included (n = 4,337). Because of a highly right-skewed distribution of calf mortality with many zero values, calf mortality had to be dichotomized for the analysis. Therefore, in this study, high calf mortality was defined as calf mortality of more than 6.5% for calves aged 1 to 180 d. A logistic analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the probability of a herd having high calf mortality. The following factors were significantly associated with high calf mortality: high BTM Salmonella antibody level, odds ratio (OR) = 2.0 (95% confidence interval = 1.6-2.4), organic production OR = 1.4 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-1.7) for organic versus conventional production, and breed. Purchase of 8 or more animals increased the OR of high calf mortality more than purchase of 1 to 7 animals, which again had a higher OR compared with purchase of 0 animals. Because only 14.3% of the population consisted of herds with high BTM Salmonella status, the estimated proportion of herds with high calf mortality could only be reduced from 38.7 to 36.5% by eradicating Salmonella from the Danish cattle population (i.e., a population attributable risk of 2.2%). This showed that although there is a strong association between BTM Salmonella status and calf mortality, the problem with high calf mortality will not be solved by eradicating Salmonella. All other things equal, a population with more Salmonella-infected herds would gain a larger reduction in calf mortality from a Salmonella control campaign. Nevertheless, individual herds with a high within-herd prevalence of Salmonella are likely to benefit, both economically and regarding animal welfare, from controlling pathogenic Salmonella types in cattle.     

科学计算元数据研究与应用

随着高性能计算能力的不断提高,由此而带来的数据规模的急剧扩大,给科学计算数据的管理和处理方法带来了极大的挑战.解决这些问题的一个有效的途径就是使用元数据.提出和定义了科学计算元数据SCMD(scientific computing metadata),并成功应用于高层网格数据函数库和元数据管理系统中.     

矿业环境安全元数据标准研究

针对矿业信息元数据标准不统一的问题,在参考相关元数据标准的前提下,考虑矿业环境安全数据的特点,采用5W1H方法确定矿业环境安全元数据核心元素集。参照美国联邦地理数据委员会元数据标准得到元数据框架,研究运用模型管理实现不同模式描述的元数据之间转换的算法。应用实例证明,该算法有利于矿业环境安全数据的合理组织和管理。     

半导体制造业预警系统的知识表示研究

运用知识表示法中的语义网络表示法,作为半导体制造业预警系统中指标本体的描述方法,以Dub lin Core元数据作为知识标注;给出基于OWL Dub lin Core的形式化描述;最后用谓词逻辑和产生式表示法相结合作为知识库中预警规则的描述方法。