旅游法实施背景下网友对“导游员”工作的感知——基于新浪微博文本分析

以2013年国庆期间新浪微博网友关于“旅游法”和“导游”的原创微博为样本,采用数量分析方法,分析网友对旅游法实施后导游工作关注程度的变化以及对旅游法的支持程度,研究表明,国庆期间网友对旅游法实施后导游工作的关注日益增加,认为旅游法的实施对导游工作有正面影响的网友占大多数.使用词频统计法和共现分析法进行内容分析,网友对导游工作的感知主要包括：导游工作需要旅行社和游客的支持和理解;支持旅游法对无证导游的惩罚,但是惩罚力度不足;旅游法对强制消费的约束已初见成效,但部分网友表现出对部分导游工作态度消极的不满;旅游法实施后导游收入下降明显.     

Distribution, relative abundance, and prey demand by double-crested cormorants on Manitoulin Island lakes vs. Lake Huron Coast

An aerial distance sampling survey of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) was conducted in the northern region of Lake Huron (North Channel; four largest lakes of Manitoulin Island; South Shore of Manitoulin Is. facing the main body of the lake) to assess the relative distribution, abundance and prey demand by cormorants on inland lake vs. coastal habitat. On a per area basis, the density (approx. 1-2 cormorants ? km^− 2) and prey demand (approx. 1.2 kg ha^− 1) of cormorants in the four inland lakes matched that of the North Channel. The South Shore had approximately half the density and prey demand as the other two areas. Cormorants on the inland lakes of Manitoulin Island represented 13% early in the season and a high of 33% of the total population for this region of Lake Huron later in the summer. Estimating regional distributions of cormorants within the Great Lakes basin is important because mapped nest colonies and nest counts are not representative of the actual distribution of foraging cormorants during and after the nesting season. There are two general conclusions to emerge from this survey. First, aquatic productivity from both Great Lakes coast and inland lakes contributes to trends in population and distribution of cormorants in the northern region of Lake Huron and perhaps elsewhere. Second, inland aquatic ecosystems are important throughout a season for foraging cormorants from the Great Lakes and may become more important as Great Lake productivity trends downward.     

恰希玛核电站二期工程核岛基坑降水与回灌技术

恰希玛核电站二期工程核岛基坑降水与回灌，没有可供参考的先例。本文阐述了降水与回灌所经历的过程、改进措施以及最后取得的成果，总结了与回灌技术相关的经验教训，为类似的大型工程提供借鉴。     

基于生态学思维的高校图书馆建设

高校图书馆,是全校师生汲取知识的重要园地.高校图书馆的建设应遵循生态学的规律,不仅要重视其外部环境的建设,更重要的是加强图书馆的内涵素养,充分体现生态图书馆的持续发展观、和谐价值观与生态世界观的基本特征.     

Sensitivity to zinc of Mediterranean woody species important for restoration

Heavy metals have increased in natural woodlands and shrublands over the last several decades as a consequence of anthropogenic activities. However, our knowledge of the effects of these elements on woody species is scarce. In this study, we examined the responses of six Mediterranean woody species to increasing levels of zinc in hydroponic culture and discussed the possible implications for the restoration of contaminated sites. The species used, Pinus pinea L., Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus halepensis Mill., Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast., Rhamnus alaternus L. and Quercus suber L. represent a climatic gradient from dry sub-humid to semi-arid conditions. Zinc concentrations in shoots ranged from 53 μg g^− 1 in Q. suber to 382 μg g^− 1 in T. articulata and were well below the levels found in roots. Zinc inhibited root elongation and root biomass and changed the root length distribution per diameter class, but the magnitude of the effects was species-specific. Only P. halepensis and Q. suber showed toxicity symptoms in aboveground parts. Species more characteristic from xeric environments (T. articulata, R. alaternus and P. halepensis) were more sensitive to zinc than species from mesic environments (Q. suber, P. pinaster and P. pinea). According to the Zn responses and bioaccumulation, Q. suber P. pinea and P. halepensis are the best candidates for field trials to test the value of woody species to restore contaminated sites. None of the species tested seemed suitable for phytoremediation.     

The rise and fall of French Ecological Tax Reform: social acceptability versus political feasibility in the energy tax implementation process

The French government has a 10-year history of negotiations with industry, resulting in voluntary agreements on energy consumption. When implemented, these voluntary agreements produced very few results in terms of global reduction of greenhouse emissions (Politiques et Management Public 11(4) (1993) 47), hence the idea of an energy tax became increasingly attractive for many French decision-makers. Ecological/Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) should have been one of the major political decisions and successes of the past leftwing coalition government. Instead it became one of its major failures as the Constitutional Court decided to terminate the energy tax project in December 2000. Through insights gleaned from focus groups and interviews with business-people and decision-makers, an attempt is made to understand the failure of the energy tax project. Firstly, decision-makers lacked crucial information about public and business opinions and secondly, there were conflicts between the relevant administrations. The fuel revolts of 2000 ended any hope of resolving the conflicts and implementing ETR, which was ultimately found unconstitutional. This paper examines the political controversies raised by the ETR project and the reasons for its eventual collapse, in the hope of contributing new understanding to the body of knowledge on the political difficulties of introducing environmental policy instruments.     

Environmental tax reform: an assessment of social responses in Ireland

Environmental tax reform (ETR) is widely accepted to be a policy with desirable environmental, and other economic effects. The question arises then as to why its implementation has been so patchy. There is a broad literature on the economic impact of ETR, however, there have been very few research efforts devoted to understanding the roles and imperatives of the public, policy makers, businesses and other stakeholders who are addressed by ETR. This paper examines the impediments to ETR in Ireland. Focus groups were formed comprising of members of the general public and these provided a forum for detailed reactions to the ETR concept. Interviews were conducted with policy makers and key business people in an attempt to identify both the patterns of thinking behind ETR and the main obstacles to its introduction. Having presented the results, a theory of the main impediments to ETR is developed. The opinions of the members of the public, the business community and the policy makers highlight a number of issues that need to be addressed in the future design of ETR in Ireland. The principal potential impediments to ETR include: mistrust of the government, implausibility of the policy, means of hypothecation, information asymmetries, the political system, the structure of government, the macroeconomic environment, the impact on competitiveness, inequity between sectors, regressivity, elasticities and the level of the tax, terminology, and the marketing of ETR.     

影视广告的生态伦理批评

数字媒体时代下,人们所看到的广告已经不再是单纯的平面化、实体化的户外印刷广告,更多的是以数字媒体为载体的互联网终端广告,影视广告就是典型的存在。为了博得大众眼球、达到广告宣传效果,部分影视广告在内容和形式表现上忽视了生态伦理价值。文章通过对案例分析得出在生态伦理意识上公益影视广告对比商业影视广告的优势,并提出解决商业影视广告生态伦理问题的方法与策略。     

Efficiency in milk production on Reunion Island: Dealing with land scarcity

This paper aims to analyze efficiency on dairy farms in Reunion Island, a French overseas district located in the Indian Ocean. On this island, dairy farming is promoted with financial and technical support from the European Union, with the French and local governments aiming at reducing dependency on imports of milk powder and dairy products and creating employment. A critical factor for increasing the local milk production is the limited availability of arable land because of the small size and the volcanic nature of the island. In this paper, we study the efficiency levels of dairy production on 34 farms by using a data envelopment analysis approach. The average technical efficiency score of farms, assuming constant returns to scale, was 0.927, with 19 out of 34 farms not being efficient. The technical efficiency with a variable returns to scale specification was 0.951. The efficiency with which farmers used their land (subvector efficiencies) was estimated in a second model. The average subvector efficiencies calculated with constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale models were lower than the technical efficiencies. The farmers on the efficiency frontier had a relatively higher milk production, milk production per cow, and land surface than those who were less efficient. A policy promoting better use of the land on inefficient farms should increase the milk production-to-land ratio. Possible on-farm strategies are improved feeding systems, farms having their own heifer breeding, and improved genetics.     

适合生态涵养区农业发展的林下经济模式*——以北京市怀柔区为例

山区是首都的生态涵养区,在落实首都山区生态功能定位的同时,促进山区经济发展是当前面临的重要任务。以怀柔区为例,在阐述林下经济内涵的基础上,对生态涵养区发展林下经济进行了条件分析,论述了适合生态涵养区发展的两种林下经济模式,即林菌模式和林禽模式,并对发展林下经济提出了一些建议。