谁杀死了两个赶牛人——评析司各特的历史短篇小说《两个赶牛人》

司各特的历史短篇小说《两个赶牛人》讲述了赶牛人罗宾与威克菲尔德的悲剧故事。本试图从政治冲突、民族化冲突、经济利益冲突三方面来分析悲剧产生的根本原因，从而激发读对人类明进程进行更多更深的思考。     

Bulgaria

Abstract

In a brief span of only 135 years, photography has been turned from a purely technical invention into a symbol of our time, and this itself constitutes one of the most remarkable phenomena of modern civilization. The illustration has become the full-fledged partner of literature, and photography a basic means of acquiring and recording knowledge. Photography has become a tool of science, and a means of the aesthetic exploration of reality. It spread rapidly all over the world; but its appearance in Bulgaria was greatly delayed because the Bulgarian people were still under Ottoman domination and some 39 years since its invention had passed before liberation finally came.     

In the Pursuit of Pleasure: The Not so Fleeting Life of the Pavilion and its Ilk

Author and architecture critic for the London Evening Standard, Robert Bevan reflects on the enduring appeal of the temporary structure, speaking ‘to a latent desire for freedom and movement’ as a hangover of our nomadic past in a sedentary ‘civilised’ society. He highlights the type's historical apex in Henry VIII's palatial pop-up on the Field of the Cloth of Gold, questioning the purpose and purposelessness of more recent examples.     

Castles and Pavilions: Creating New Hybrid Places of Exchange

Tom Holbrook , Director at architecture and urban design practice 5th Studio, describes two projects in the south of England that respond spatially to the needs of ‘the knowledge economy’. The first is the River Lea Park, to the east of London, which promotes open connectivity between people in a post- industrial landscape; and the second is the Creative Exchange in St Neots, Cambridgeshire, a building designed to accommodate local enterprise. Both are designed to redirect social and economic activities, supporting creative swarming, and establishing what Stafford Beer has coined as ‘platforms for change’.     

英国建筑节能法规进展

本文介绍了英国建筑节能法规的发展历程,详细阐述了2006年英国建筑节能法规,最后分析了英国2006版建筑节能法规的特点。     

英国城市设计准则解读及借鉴

城市设计准则是城市开发建设的重要手段之一,完善的设计准则可以提高城市开发建设的速度和质量。近年来,城市设计准则的使用在英国再度引起广泛关注。研究对英国城市设计准则进行概要介绍,指出其重点关注三维空间,通过文字和图像等表述方式对较大规模的开发建设提出设计要求,并通过一定的强制措施来保障执行;其主要用于社区开发建设,同时也具备指导其他类型开发建设的要求;其编制程序包括启动、整合、评估、设计和检验、正式化、实施、管理七个步骤;其基本内容包括对场地、建筑、街道、开放空间、土地使用及可持续发展的要求。这些经验可为我国城市设计实践提供借鉴。     

Implementation of computing standards

The F-16 avionics implements what is likely the broadest application of standards of any USAF weapon system. Standards available in 1976 were applied which consisted of the MIL-STD-1553 Multiplex Data Bus, JOVIAL J3B which was the defacto software and precursor to JOVIAL J73 dialect and the MIL-STD-490 software documentation standard. These standards were instrumental in making the F-16 a very successful program. The F-16 avionic system is now being greatly expanded to accommodate advanced sensors and weapons currently in USAF funded development. Once again the F-16 is at the forefront in implementing the latest USAF standards. A key feature of the enhanced avionics is the application of JOVIAL J73 (MIL-STD-1589B) for all subsystems, the MIL-STD-1553B Multiplex Data Bus, the MIL-STD-1750A Computer Instruction Set Architecture, and the MIL-STD-1760 Stores Interface. Both the implementation of standards in the current F-16 avionics and also in the enhanced F-16 avionics now in development are described.     

Software project development cost estimation

This paper reports the results of an empirical investigation of the relationships between effort expended, time scales, and project size for software project development. The observed relationships were compared with those predicted by Lawrence Putnam's Rayleigh curve model and Barry Boehm's COCOMO model. The results suggested that although the form of the basic empirical relationships were consistent with the cost models, the COCOMO model was a poor estimator of cost for the current data set and the data did not follow the Rayleigh curve suggested by Putnam. However, the results did suggest that it was possible to develop cost models tailored to a particular environment and to improve the precision of the models as they are used during the development cycle by including additional information such as the known effort for the early development phases. The paper finishes by discussing some of the problems involved in developing useful cost models.     

西方古典家具史论（十二）英国的新古典主义风格家具（二）——18世纪后半期至19世纪前半期

英国的新古典主义家具，在前期是以亚当、赫普尔怀特、谢拉顿的个人风格为代表的；后期则以摄政式为代表。     

An optimal location of static VAr compensator based on Gramian critical energy for damping oscillations in power systems

The increase in the scale and complexity of interconnected power systems leads to multiple electromechanical oscillations. Therefore, the electric network needs to be made more stable. One type of Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, namely the static VAr compensator (SVC), can be installed at buses to increase the stability margins and dampen the power system oscillations by exchanging capacitive and/or inductive load to maintain and/or control specific parameters of electrical power systems. The efficiency and performance of the SVC depend on its optimal location. Consequently, seeking the optimal placement for SVC has become a key issue. In this paper, we propose a novel method to find the optimal location for the SVC based on a two‐step approach. First, an energetic approach based on the combination of the controllability Gramian critical energy analysis with the balanced realization reduction technique is used to search for several feasible locations; then the transient stability is analyzed to compare and determine an optimal location through various test cases. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been demonstrated on the IEEE 39‐bus England power system and compared with the modal controllability index. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.