New Hearts for Two Gulf Cities

Doha in Qatar and Sharjah in the UAE are both currently looking to their own heritage for inspiration in the redevelopment of their urban cores or hearts. Varkki Pallathucheril , an expert in urban planning and Professor at the College of Architecture, Art and Design at the American University of Sharjah (AUS), considers the impact challenges of this type of development.     

Psychological Science Gold Medal Award: Herbert Alexander Simon.

Presents the citation and biography for Herbert Alexander Simon, the 1988 recipient of the American Psychological Foundation's Psychological Science Gold Medal Award. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Questions of Taste

Charles Holland of FAT picks up the Post-Modern baton from Venturi Scott Brown and Charles Jencks and raises the neglected topic of taste. Though the way architecture is experienced by people is bound up with taste, it remains an area of discomfort for architects – tied up with awkward discussions of privilege and class. Holland shows how in FAT's Islington Square housing project the DIY taste of the residents was not only embraced, but fully accommodated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesizing Piaget with Simon.

Reviews the book, Intellectual development, birth to adulthood by Robbie Case (1985). Even as Piaget's theory of cognitive development was beginning to have its impact on North American research, Herbert Simon (1962) was challenging developmental psychologists to formulate theories that could explain Piagetian phenomena within an information processing framework. To my mind, a trademark of Case's early work was his attempt to engage in research that advanced the field by integrating the old (Piaget's notion of general stages) with the new (e.g., the emergence of stages explained in terms of the mental effort an individual could allocate to activating schemes). The present volume continues this synthetic approach. This thrust can be seen in the diverse audience of developmental and educational psychologists, psychologists studying adult language and cognition, as well as clinicians and educators to which the work is addressed. Case's monograph is timely, broad in scope, and bold in the integrative approach taken to the problems facing those who would understand and explain the phenomenon of cognitive growth. The health and well-being of research on cognitive development depends on the lively dialogue that will be generated by individuals, like Case, who are willing to pose synthetic solutions to the problems generated by previous theorists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

对比分析卢梭和马尔库塞的异化理论

卢梭和马尔库塞对于异化问题的解决,带有乌托邦的色彩。参照马克思主义异化理论,对比分析了两位大师异化理论的内涵和特点,对处在现代化进程中的中国具有一定的启迪意义。     

CORAL SEA,MIDWAY, AND ALEUTIANS NAVAL INTELLIGENCE

Abstract

A quantitative analysis of sixteenth-century to seventeenth-century Hungarian ciphers (300 cipher keys and 1,600 partly or entirely enciphered letters) reveals that besides the dominance of diplomatic use of cryptography, there is a presence of “private” applications as well. The article attempts to reconstruct the main reasons and goals why historical actors chose to use ciphers in a diary or private letter, when no political or military reason was present. Only a close analysis of the practices of secrecy may shed light on the question. As the first author on secrecy, Georg Simmel, pointed out, often shame is the main motivating factor behind secrecy, and this is indeed a major explication for several ciphers in the diaries under study.     

Herbert Simon's decision-making approach: Investigation of cognitive processes in experts.

Herbert Simon's research endeavor aimed to understand the processes that participate in human decision making. However, despite his effort to investigate this question, his work did not have the impact in the “decision making” community that it had in other fields. His rejection of the assumption of perfect rationality, made in mainstream economics, led him to develop the concept of bounded rationality. Simon's approach also emphasized the limitations of the cognitive system, the change of processes due to expertise, and the direct empirical study of cognitive processes involved in decision making. In this article, we argue that his subsequent research program in problem solving and expertise offered critical tools for studying decision-making processes that took into account his original notion of bounded rationality. Unfortunately, these tools were ignored by the main research paradigms in decision making, such as Tversky and Kahneman's biased rationality approach (also known as the heuristics and biases approach) and the ecological approach advanced by Gigerenzer and others. We make a proposal of how to integrate Simon's approach with the main current approaches to decision making. We argue that this would lead to better models of decision making that are more generalizable, have higher ecological validity, include specification of cognitive processes, and provide a better understanding of the interaction between the characteristics of the cognitive system and the contingencies of the environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Herbert Freudenberger.

Presents a citation for Herbert Freudenberger, whose professional career has been devoted to innovation in the development of psychological interventions to alleviate human suffering. Throughout his career he has instilled the principles of trust, respect, and human dignity into the psychotherapeutic process. His seminal work in identifying and exploring the emotional burnout experienced by caregivers in human service professions has brought profound changes in the way a new generation of students is being trained. A biography is provided for Freudenberger, along with a selected bibliography of his works. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards: 1969: Citation for Herbert Alexander Simon.

Gives a citation to Herbert Alexander Simon, "For his leadership in the development of new theories of thinking and of its relation to perception, attention, memory, and language. By viewing man's rational and social efforts to adapt to his environment in terms of information-processing systems, he and his colleagues have been able to apply computer science and optimization theory fruitfully to a wide range of important and difficult problems of cognition, with results that have revitalized this ancient and central topic in the science of psychology." The citation is followed by a biography and a list of Simon's scientific publications. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Local Stone (A Fragment)

At a time when a wide range of building materials is available around the world, the decision to use locally sourced stone in India often extends beyond the pragmatic. As Reinhold Martin explains, a particular choice of stone can potentially set off a complex string of associations with geopolitical connotations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.