Constructive Membership Predicates as Index Types

In the constructive setting, membership predicates over recursive types are inhabited by terms indexing the elements that satisfy the criteria for membership. In this paper, we motivate and explore this idea in the concrete setting of lists and trees. We show that the inhabitants of membership predicates are precisely the inhabitants of a generic shape type. We show that membership of x (of type T) in structure S, (x_TS) can not, in general, index all parts of a structure S and we generalize to a form ρS where ρ is a predicate over S. Under this scheme, (λx.True)S is the set of all indexes into S, but we show that not all subsets of indexes are expressible by strictly local predicates. Accordingly, we extend our membership predicates to predicates that retain state “from above” as well as allow “looking below”. Predicates of this form are complete in the sense that they can express every subset of indexes in S. These ideas are motivated by experience programming in Nuprl's constructive type theory and examining the constructive content of mechanically checked formal proofs involving membership predicates.     

Topographies of the future: urban and suburban visions in Edward Bellamy’s utopian fiction

In Looking Backward (1888) and Equality (1897), Edward Bellamy offered two distinct but interrelated visions of a utopian future. The first and more famous book was set in a luxuriant, centralized metropolis. The sequel detailed decentralized, suburbanized infrastructures. Within the literature on Bellamy these emendations have been treated as evidence of regressive anti-urbanism. This paper argues instead that Bellamy used correlations between topography and technology to mediate an evolving approach to social reform. The discrepancies between the two texts did not represent abandonment of the city but rather an expansion of the scale and scope necessary to ensure social progress. While Looking Backward has often been invoked in relation the Garden City and City Beautiful movements, a new reading of Equality offers opportunities to rethink Bellamy’s relationship to planning history.     

To a Curator of Beautiful and Healthy Lives: A Note to Myself

How might architectural thinking and processes shift over the next 35 years? How might the architect's role be redefined with shifting ethical values? Could the architect be viewed as less of a design professional and more of a curator engaged in the development of healthy holistic environments, catering for all of society's needs? DaeWha Kang , an architect from 2050, writes to his earlier self, critiquing the work that he undertook in independent practice and as a design director at Zaha Hadid Architects in the mid-2010s. He describes how his design methodologies have evolved in the intervening years.     

Hermon Wilkes Martin (1892–1997).

Memorializes Hermon Wilkes Martin, a pioneer of psychology in the South. Martin taught at Emory University for 40 yrs and led the formation of the Georgia Psychological Association. He was instrumental in the move to license psychologists and shepherded the inaugural bill to create the Georgia State Board of Examiners in Psychology through the state legislature in 1951. In addition, Martin founded the Howard School for children with attention deficit disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Obituary: S. Howard Bartley (1901–1988).

Presents an obituary for S. Howard Bartley. S. Howard Bartley, one of the country's leading experts on human vision and a noted author, researcher, and distinguished professor in the Psychology Department at Memphis State University died on June 1, 1988, at his home in Memphis. He was 86. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Howard E. Gruber (1922-2005).

This article presents an obituary for Howard E. Gruber. Howard Ernest (Howie) Gruber, who died on January 25, 2005, in New York City, was a wide-ranging cognitive psychologist. Although born in the United States, he was deeply influenced by European currents of thought: Indeed, his work blended the theoretical ambition of the most influential European psychologists with the experimental ingenuity and scrupulous attention to data that have distinguished American psychology at its best. Gruber was among the most important scholars of human creativity in recent decades; his pioneering study of the notebooks of Charles Darwin was catalytic in reorienting an entire area of research. In addition to his important scholarship, Gruber believed fervently in the responsibility of scholars to address social and political issues, and he devoted much of his later life to those contemporary issues that he considered paramount. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Variation and Distribution: Forest Patterns as a Model for Urban Morphologies

What can we learn from the spatial logic of collections of trees in the rainforest? Evan Greenberg of the EmTech programme at the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in London and George Jeronimidis of the Centre for Biomimetics at the University of Reading combine forces to analyse the rainforest's morphology and its potential as an urban model. They suggest how the sectional height differentiation of trees could present a new way of thinking about urban organisation, accommodating varied microclimates, programmes and the city's infrastructural flows.     

田园城市学说之形成及其思想来源研究

霍华德的田园城市学说是19世纪以来英国百年间的各种社会改良运动思想及其价值观的集大成者,提出以土地公有和社区自治为基础,建设具有全新的管理和空间形式的田园城市,进而重组英国的城市空间结构,达到改良英国社会的宏大目的.重点研究田园城市学说的形成过程,从城市规划思想史的视角,分3方面缕析田园城市的思想来源,即英国的社会改良运动、19世纪的理想城市理论与实践、霍华德自身的经历与交游等,探讨其新城市建设和管理的思想基础及其空间形态的源从由来.最后分析田园城市学说不同于既往社会改良方案而得以迅速在全世界传播和实现的特殊之处.     

The Role of the Estates: From Agriculture to Urbiculture

Large swathes of London's West End remain under the ownership of the Great Estates, with the Grosvenor Estate (Duke of Westminster) owning much of Mayfair and the Cadogan family (Earl of Cadogan) much of Chelsea. Terry Farrell looks at how this long-term custodianship has impacted on the development of the fabric of the city and its strong sense of place. He explains how it is a model that he has tried to draw from in his own Earl's Court masterplan. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recombinant Landscapes in the American City

How are urban actors, such as landscape designers, community groups, developers and local politicians, actively restructuring their environments to meet the challenges of the American city in the new global context? Grahame Shane outlines the approaches to landscape that have been emerging since the mid-20th century and are set to recombine urban assemblages whether they are located in historic city centres, postindustrial waterfronts or suburban sprawl. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.