模拟退火算法在神经网络中的实现

神经网络是用于模拟人的大脑组织结构的一种网络结构。在很多技术领域存在着大量的组合优化问题．这些问题随着规模的增大,求解的时闻和空间呈指数级增长,当规模达到一定程度,在时间上,求解就变得没有可行性可言,而神经网络是近似求解的一种很好的解决方法。神经网络的实现方法有多种,例如模拟退火算法、BP算法和遗传算法,等等,其中,模拟退火算法是一种计算精度比较高、收敛速度较快的算法。     

Fatigue crack growth prediction in nuclear piping using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation

In this paper, we present and demonstrate a methodology to improve probabilistic fatigue crack growth (FCG) predictions by using the concept of Bayesian updating using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. The methodology is demonstrated on a cracked pipe undergoing fatigue loading. Initial estimates of the FCG rate are made using the Paris law. The prior probability distributions of the Paris law parameters are taken from the tests on specimen made of the same material as that of pipe. Measured data on crack depth over number of loading cycles are used to update the prior distribution using the Markov chain Monte Carlo. The confidence interval on the predicted FCG rate is also estimated. In actual piping placed in a plant, the measured data can be considered equivalent to the data received from in-service inspection. It is shown that the proposed methodology improves the fatigue life prediction. The number of observations used for updating is found to leave a significant effect on the accuracy of the updated prediction.     

Replica Exchange Light Transport

We solve the light transport problem by introducing a novel unbiased Monte Carlo algorithm called replica exchange light transport, inspired by the replica exchange Monte Carlo method in the fields of computational physics and statistical information processing. The replica exchange Monte Carlo method is a sampling technique whose operation resembles simulated annealing in optimization algorithms using a set of sampling distributions. We apply it to the solution of light transport integration by extending the probability density function of an integrand of the integration to a set of distributions. That set of distributions is composed of combinations of the path densities of different path generation types: uniform distributions in the integral domain, explicit and implicit paths in light (particle/photon) tracing, indirect paths in bidirectional path tracing, explicit and implicit paths in path tracing, and implicit caustics paths seen through specular surfaces including the delta function in path tracing. The replica‐exchange light transport algorithm generates a sequence of path samples from each distribution and samples the simultaneous distribution of those distributions as a stationary distribution by using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Then the algorithm combines the obtained path samples from each distribution using multiple importance sampling. We compare the images generated with our algorithm to those generated with bidirectional path tracing and Metropolis light transport based on the primary sample space. Our proposing algorithm has better convergence property than bidirectional path tracing and the Metropolis light transport, and it is easy to implement by extending the Metropolis light transport.     

我国大城市保障性住房建设的若干探讨

我国住房保障制度的推行为缓解住房困难、维护社会的稳定与和谐发展发挥了积极的作用,但因政策制定方面的缺陷、执行中的漏洞及城市空间结构的低效等,我国大城市保障性住房建设工作仍存在诸多问题,可借鉴新加坡、美国等国家及香港等城市在住房保障工作方面的经验,强化政府职责,完善制度建设,优化空间结构,推进我国大城市保障性住房建设.     

大城市交通与建成环境综合规划的范式扩展与深化 — —中美案例的比较与启示

城市交通与建成环境规划是城市 综合规划的核心内容,在城市的不同发展阶 段,其社会经济条件与主要规划理念、政策 保障之间的匹配度对城市发展产生了持续影 响。在中国城市面临空间增长型向内涵提升 型转变发展的重要时期,进一步审视发达 国家大城市交通与建成环境综合规划在不 同阶段的范式变化（包括主要背景、发展理 念、规划要点、实施效果等）,对比中国大城 市发展的阶段性特征,将为中国大城市交通 与建成环境的提质发展提供有益参考。本文 通过梳理中美两国部分大城市交通与建成 环境规划的发展脉络,总结不同阶段的范式 发展特征,结合当前中国大城市空间发展趋 向,为中国大城市交通与建成环境的综合发 展提供借鉴和指导。     

模拟退火算法中关键参数的研究

模拟退火算法是求解组合优化问题的一个有效方法,但算法中各个参数值的选择和设置对运行的结果和效果有较大影响。因此,本文主要是利用几个具体的TSP问题对算法中 的几个重要参数做比较研究,得出了一组比较有效的参数取值,为求解与TSP问题类似的其他问题奠定了有效的参数基础。     

基于二进制烟花优化算法的认知无线网络频谱分配

针对当前无线频谱资源稀缺和利用率低的问题,提出一种基于二进制烟花优化算法的频谱分配方法。每个烟花个体进行分布式爆炸搜索,并对最优烟花的爆炸半径采用改进公式动态更新;在变异环节中,针对粒子间信息交流不足的缺点,引入遗传算法的交叉变异算子,进一步增强种群多样性;对选出的最优个体使用Metropolis准则进行模拟退火扰动,避免陷入局部最优。仿真实验表明,二进制烟花优化算法在认知无线网络的频谱分配中具有寻优精度高、收敛速度快的特点,较好地实现了网络效益和用户比例公平性的最大化。     

Emission inventory of VOCs from mobile sources in a metropolitan region

Based on methodologies developed by US EPA, European EMEP/CORINAIR, and Australian NPI, and the former emission inventory in Korea, two methods were applied to 151 villages in northeastern Seoul, Korea to estimate emission of VOCs from line and area vehicle sources depending on vehicle types with different fuel types. A discharge coefficient method for the line source on the Eastern main road was calculated by multiplying the emission amounts per unit of mileage, and a fuel exhaust coefficient method for the area vehicle sources on other roads was determined as multiplying the emission rates by the actual consumption of excess fuel. Results indicated the methods could be adequate for estimating the amounts of mobile emissions when limited information on mobile emission is available. The methods can be used to develop the emission model for all VOCs emission sources (point and non-point sources), which provides input data of atmospheric models.     

Grain boundary segregation in low Cr Fe-Cr alloys: The effect of radiation induced vacancies studied by metropolis Monte Carlo simulations

Radiation damage may modify the segregation state and phase separation conditions in Fe-Cr alloys with compositions and temperatures of technological interest. We use Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations to study segregation effects at the best stable variant of the Σ = 5 (2 1 0) grain boundary, in the 5-10 at.% range of Cr composition. The role of irradiation induced vacancies in segregation is discussed. At a low Cr composition, an oscillatory Cr segregation profile is evidenced in the vicinity of the boundary. Under specific conditions, Cr ordering is observed close to the boundary. The correlations between such ordering and local stress is discussed. The binding energy of vacancies to specific sites of the grain boundary is found to be positive and the interplay between Cr segregation and the clustering of vacancies at the boundary is discussed.