彼得·纽马克的交际翻译和语义翻译述析

彼得·纽马克的交际翻译和语义翻译为不同种类的文本翻译提供了理想的翻译方法。两者的区别主要体现在译语的表达形式上。语义翻译要求译文接近原文的形式,在结构和词序安排上力求贴近原文;交际翻译则注重译文读者的理解和反应,即信息传递的效果。交际翻译要求译者重新组织语言结构,以使译文地道顺畅。     

Learning from designing the RoboFesta—Blue Peter robots

Can children and adults learn anything from building robots? In 2001 we ran a robot design competition with the BBC TelevisionBlue Peter, program. Some 32 000 children, aged between 5 and 16 years, submitted paper designs. We built prototypes of the four winners' robots for a Robot Design MasterClass at the London Science Museum. It is widely believed that across the curriculum, robotics is a powerful force in motivating education. We ask what the children learned from the robot design process. Our answer is that they learned many things, both inside and outside the science and technology curriculum.     

彼得·卒姆托的材料观念及其影响下的建筑设计方法初探

彼得·卒姆托对建造材料的精准把握以及诗性塑造是其作品成功原因之一。本文试图通过分析其材料观念的核心原则以及此观念在场地、空间、建造三向维度上的表现，探索卒姆托的材料观念对其建筑设计方法的影响。     

瑞香狼毒提取物对水稻螟虫的杀灭活性研究

本文研究了瑞香狼毒根部粗粉乙醇提取物对水稻害虫大螟和二化螟的毒杀活性,当浓度为2.0g/L、作用时间为72h,乙醇提取物对大螟致死率为92.4%,二化螟的死亡率为20.9%。同时还系统研究了瑞香狼毒根部粗粉其它极性溶剂提取物对大螟和二化螟的胃毒活性、杀卵活性和内吸活性,结果表明瑞香狼毒对水稻大螟和二化螟具有一定的杀灭作用。     

Electric transport properties of rare earth doped YbxCa1-xMnO3 ceramics (part I: Optimization of ceramic processing)

A comprehensive study was performed in order to find the effect of different calcination and sintering conditions on the physical properties of calcium manganite ceramics in dependence of temperature T and partial pressure of oxygen p(O₂). The eventual formation of oxygen vacancies during sintering was investigated and the results were confirmed by monitoring the release of oxygen using a ZrO₂ oxygen sensor. The phase transition behavior was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in a wide range of p(O₂) ≈ 10^?1 MPa down to 10^-19 MPa at high temperatures accompanied by dilatometry- and XRD-measurements. Furthermore, the present study reveals for the first time a way for reducing and preventing crack formation that may occur during sintering. The present systematic research provides essential fundamental information before performing electrical measurements necessary in order to understand important factors about charge carriers and electrical transport mechanism.     

Color of absence and presence: Reconsidering black in architecture

Abstract: This article explores the effects of using black on spatial experience by means of phenomenological analysis of its architectural examples with a special focus on Serpentine Gallery Pavilion designed by Peter Zumthor. Contrary to the growing interest in the color in contemporary architecture, black rarely found a place in architectural history and in studies on color design. Whereas, the distinct achromatic qualities of the color that appear highly self‐contradictory swinging back and forth from absence to presence cover a wide range of potentials to be used in architectural design. Through insights delved into the spatial experience constructed around these qualities, this paper attempts to analyze how black is used as a design element in built environments. This analysis revolves around Zumthor s pavilion, which stood as a uniform black box on the expanse of green grass of London Kensington Gardens for more than three months in 2011. Encompassing various oppositions, the box built to surround a hortus conclusus, an enclosed garden inside, provided its visitors with a unique spatial experience depending predominantly on the combination of its form, tectonics and the qualities of its color, black. The phenomenological analysis of these qualities manifests that the architect utilized the contradictory characteristics of the color intentionally in order to create a complex and manifold spatial experience for visitors in and outside the box. In an interplay of absence and presence, momentary crystallizations of the vision of black provide architects with uncharted opportunities for creative use of color in the design of built environments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 378–387, 2017     

The compressibility and compactibility of different types of lactose

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and quantify flow properties, compressibility, and compactibility of various pharmaceutical lactose powders found on the market today (DCL-11, DCL-21, M‐200, Flowlac-100, and Tablettose 70, 80, and 100). Methods: Flow properties were estimated by measuring flow time, angle of repose, and the Hausner ratio. Particle rearrangement was studied using Kawakita's linear model. Compressibility was studied using two ‘out-of-die’ methods: (i) the Heckel model and (ii) a modified Walker model. Compactibility was quantified using two methods: (i) the tensile strength profile (Cp) and (ii) the compactibility factor (Pr). Statistical approach was used to analyze the results. Results: Flow properties of all materials were passable or better, except for M-200, which has very poor flowability. Compressibility results demonstrated that the most compressible lactose is spray-dried grade of lactose (Flowlac-100) and the least compressible is milled lactose (M-200). Compactibility studies showed that β‐lactose (DCL-21) forms tablets with superior tensile strength in comparison with α-lactose. Conclusion: Results of the compressibility study showed that the discriminative power of modified Walker model is greater in comparison with Heckel model. Compactibility methods yield similar and comparable results.     

Mean stress effects in strain–life fatigue

A mean stress equation can be incorporated into the strain–life curve in a manner that is consistent with the stress-based use of the same equation. Doing so for the Walker mean stress relationship gives excellent results for a number of strain–life data sets with non-zero mean stresses, including data on steels, one titanium alloy and aluminium alloys. This approach has a number of advantages: All data at all mean stresses can be combined into a single fitting procedure to determine the constants for the stress–life curve, which values also apply to the elastic strain term of the strain–life curve. The Walker parameter γ that also arises from this fitting is related to the sensitivity of the material to mean stress, giving this approach a versatility that is not possessed by other common mean stress methods. Where non-zero mean stress data are not available to obtain γ from fitting, an equation based on existing fitted values can be used to make estimates for steels. For precipitation-hardened aluminium alloys in the 2000 and 7000 series, an estimate of  γ= 0.5  may be applied, so that the method becomes similar to that of Smith, Watson and Topper. For other metals, a default estimate of  γ= 0.5  is suggested. For life estimates using the strain-based approach, it is recommended that the Walker mean stress method, incorporated into the strain–life curve, should be employed as an alternative to other methods, or perhaps to even replace them entirely.     

Built Conservation and the Unfinished Fabrics of Time

Differentiating between the static impulse to preserve and the more open-ended and imaginative process of conservation, Federica Goffi presents a building as ‘a fabric that, even when complete, is unfinished and open to change’. Associate Professor and Associate Director of Graduate Programs at the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism at Carleton University in Ottawa, Goffi has written widely on the topic of time, particularly taking St Peter's in the Vatican by way of example.     

Architectural Patents and Open-Source Architectures: The Globalisation of Spatial Design Innovations (or Learning from ‘E99’)

Patents are the strongest form of intellectual property rights available internationally, so far unbeaten by open source as a body of innovation and know-how. Mark Garcia , senior lecturer in the Department of Architecture & Landscape at the University of Greenwich, London, here considers the pros and cons of the patent system for architects in the digital age: from issues over patent categorisation by type, to possibilities of micro-royalties through the capacity of design software to track every stage of input from multiple contributors.