“洛杉矶模式”的成因分析

20世纪70年代以来,美国城市化进程中出现了新趋势——多中心格局大都市区显著增长。洛杉矶因其独特的发展历程成为多中心大都市区的典型代表,因此部分美国学者称其为“洛杉矶模式”。该模式的形成与交通工具的变革、联邦高速公路计划、地方政府的政策导向等因素密不可分。     

DESIGNING A RESILIENT WATERSCAPE USING A LIVING LAB AND CATALYZING POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE

The both polycentric governance and Living Labs concepts are based on decentralized participatory planning, co-design, and decisionmaking. While the concept of Living Lab is still emerging, the Isar-Plan (2000 ~ 2011) pioneered the approach for selecting, co-designing, and implementing nature-based solutions along the Isar River in Munich, Germany. Despite multiple governing authorities involved in the decisionmaking process of the Isar-Plan, the polycentric governance that led to the success of the project has to date not been analyzed. This paper presents the results of an ex-post-analysis of the Isar-Plan restoration planning process based on stakeholder interviews and a literature review. The contribution describes the evolution of Isar-Plan governance arrangements and discusses the Living Lab approaches to cooperative governance. The analysis demonstrates how polycentricity facilitated trust, learning, and the co-design of a resilient waterscape. The paper concludes that Living Labs can be a way of applying polycentric governance when autonomous and multi-scale decision-makers are collaboratively involved in the design of policy solutions, and vice-versa.     

长江三角洲多中心城市区域与多层次管治

多中心城市区域已经成为世界各地城镇密集地区发展的主要空间形态。在这一城市区域空间内也出现了多层次的管治,以应对全球化环境下愈演愈烈的城市竞争。本研究对长江三角洲进行实证研究,发现长三角正在呈现多中心的发展态势。同时由于地方政府的非理性发展,长三角地区出现了投资争夺、基础设施建设冲突和产业结构等问题。为解决这些问题,从国家到县（市）的不同层面,出现了各种管治新形式,相互交织,并正在逐渐形成多层次的区域管治体系。     

欧洲多中心都市区的网络特征——《多中心大都市：来自欧洲巨型城市区域的经验》引介

彼得·霍尔等编辑的《多中心都市区:向欧洲巨型城市区城学习》一书,通过对欧洲八个典型巨型城市区的实证研究,揭示了多中心都市区结构的内部特点及运作规律,文章是对该书的引介和简要评述。     

欧盟的中小城镇发展策略

文章主要讨论了欧盟中小城镇的发展策略。首先分析了中小城镇的作用和潜力,接下来总结了欧盟对中小城镇越来越多的关注和相关政策,反映了欧盟在政策框架下整合城市问题的决心。文章还批判性地分析了欧盟政策框架下的一些主要文件、方案以及相关的规范性概念。欧盟政策框架中越来越多地出现所谓＂城市层面＂的各类战略,然而专门的设计、国土发展重点以及与中小城镇的关系仍不明确。     

国外多中心规划理念与发展经验对中国的借鉴作用

多中心性是（后）现代城市和区域空间演变的共同趋势。本文介绍了多中心性最新发展理念和在现代城市发展中的特点,并以荷兰兰斯塔德地区、欧洲空间发展远景规划和美国大城市地区为例进行典型分析和比较,总结多中心规划或发展在不同尺度和不同维度的特点。最后,在规划实施尺度、战略规划、形成动力、中心区载体、空间与社会经济联系、规划的制度建设和整体考虑社会环境等方面对我国城市和区域规划提出了建议。     

Population density patterns in Port-au-Prince,Haiti: A model of Latin American city?

This paper examines the population density patterns in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, by both the monocentric and polycentric models, based on the 2003 census data at the SDE (Section d’énumération) and district levels. The regression results show a poor fitting power of monocentric functions, and improved but less than satisfactory R² by the polycentric functions. Port-au-Prince bears some resemblance to the Griffin–Ford (1980) model for Latin American cities with its own identity. The city has five zones: (1) a commercial quarter around the city center, (2) a transitional zone with mixed land uses, (3) a high-income residential zone with the best amenities in the southeastern area, (4) a disamenity (squatters) zone with the highest population density in the north area, and (5) another disamenity (squatters) zone with the second highest population density in the south and southwest areas. A regression model validates the five-zone model for Port-au-Prince. This structure is mainly shaped by the absence or lack of institutional enforcement of land use regulations and urban planning.     

COMPENSATING FLOOD RETENTION ON PRIVATE LAND IN AUSTRIA: TOWARDS POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT?

Flood retention, in particular controlled flood retention, plays an increasingly prominent role in the portfolio of flood risk management strategies. Though a highly effective measure to reduce the risk of flooding for vulnerable areas, flood retention is land-intensive and infringes on landowners’ property rights. Implementation efforts are thus often hampered by the lack of availability of land as well as by the growing demands of (agricultural) landowners for compensation of flood retention services. The proliferation of flood retention not only changes riparian land uses but also results in a shift of authority, power, and agency to lower levels of government as well as to non-governmental actors, including the private landowners who provide the land for flooding but also those who benefit from flood retention. By the example of a compensation scheme for the controlled flood retention in Altenmarkt, an alpine municipality in Austria, this paper explores these nascent forms of governance through the lens of polycentricity. Along five core propositions in polycentric theory, the paper evaluates the governance implications of flood retention compensation in Austria and discusses the possibilities and limitations of flood retention for enhancing landscape resilience in riparian areas.     

POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE IN NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS: INSIGHTS FROM MELBOURNE URBAN FOREST MANAGERS

Nature-based solutions can help build resilience in urban landscapes. New governance arrangements have been suggested for assisting local governments in implementing nature-based solutions. A dominant nature-based solution initiative is the activities and policies directed at the increase of the number of trees and treecanopy coverage in a city. This study explores how polycentric governance of urban forests may operate by focusing on how key decision-makers coordinate their priorities and actions in urban forestry decisions. A stakeholder-centered view on polycentric governance is taken, specifically focused on the view of municipal managers, to develop a better understanding of the social systems behind the implementation of naturebased solutions. This was done by using social data elicited from 19 in-depth interviews with urban forest managers working in nine local councils in Greater Melbourne, Australia. The data analyses show that the most important decisions that municipal managers make, and where other stakeholders have the most influence, relate to tree removal for developments, significant tree retention, tree planting for site renewal, and ageing trees removal. The most important stakeholders influencing these decisions include other municipal departmental units, developers, state actors, and residents. Non-governmental greening groups do not play a very important role. Various types of coordination, such as the ones between municipal departments, between nongovernmental stakeholders (especially developers and residents), between state government policies, as well as public consultation, are needed to better mobilize stakeholders’ influence and input. Capitalizing on greening groups that aim to retain trees in urban areas, not just planting more trees, can potentially support the current decisions made by municipal managers, which respond to urbanization pressures.     

城市由单中心向多中心转型期的交通应对策略——以山东省日照市为例

城市交通系统是促进各中心区协调发展的重要基础设施,在城市由单中心向多中心转型的过程中发挥着重要的支撑和引导作用。曰照市在由单中心向多中心转型期间,充分发挥交通对土地开发的带动作用,通过完善新旧中心区间的道路系统建设、优先发展公共交通等积极的交通策略,促进“主城三区”空间结构的形成。