妥协与突破 从缪拉酒店看捷克当代建筑

文章指出捷克共和国因其国际化的视野和地理条件,与外界有便捷和频繁的交流,同时导致了资源的国际化分配以及寻找自我定位的焦虑。捷克当代建筑也是如此。位于捷克东北部山区的缪拉酒店以顺应周围山形起伏地貌的独特形状确立了一种明确的主导美学,在捷克建筑界引起了较大的争议。文章通过深入了解缪拉酒店的创作过程和理念,初步解读了捷克当代建筑的发展脉络与趋势。     

QUO VADIS FUZZY SYSTEMS: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF RECENT METHODOLOGICAL TRENDS

The paper critically examines some foundational aspects of Fuzzy Sets and Systems. The systemic character of Zadeh's approach is stressed, as is the neccessity of understanding the interplay of holism and atomism for the proper evaluation of the formalized epistemology of fuzzy sets. This link between holism and atomism is provided by the systemic epistemology of T. G. Masaryk, adumbrated in Sec. 2. The linguistic theories of the Prague School, which are based on the epistemology utilizing the notions purpose, function, communication, meaning, normative structure etc. are also discussed, and their relevance to the methodology of Fuzzy Sets and Systems is stressed. Section 5 is devoted to formal analysis of possibilistic constructions and structures. It is demonstrated that the so called “Theory of possibility” is just one special instance of the general possibilistic construction.

The paper of Zelený, appearing elsewhere in this issue, is critically evaluated, as is the Graham-Johnstone controversy. The latter contained heated discussions about pros and cons of research concerning fuzzy sets. The phenomenon of the epistemological and methodological split within the field of fuzzy systems (which I refer to as “The schism of the third decade”) is observed and its causes briefly analyzed.     

基于FBG传感器的自动化焊接在线诊断系统

通过以两种不同配置方式的光纤布拉格光栅传感器(FBG传感器)对电弧焊接过程进行在线监测。将FBG传感器粘在焊缝母材表面,通过在线监控钨极惰性气体(TIG)焊接过程中灵敏度、温度和振动,检测焊接时周围的等离子体柱。为提高分析的准确性,还运用了等离子光谱学。     

基于萨格纳克环与光栅的双波长光纤激光器

报道一种基于保偏光纤的萨格纳克环与级联的光纤布拉格光栅的双波长掺铒光纤激光器,该激光器采用简单的线性腔结构,所用的萨格纳克环担当了梳状滤波器,光栅组构成了波长选择器件;在偏振烧孔的作用下,通过调整偏振控制器,激光器能够输出5种不同的激发模式,其中,双波长2种,单波长3种;所有的激发线具有小于0.3nm线宽,大于24dB的光学信噪比;同时,该激光器展示了较好的波长与峰值功率稳定性.     

Patterns in Performance-Orientated Design: An Approach towards Pattern Recognition,Generation and Instrumentalisation

The question of pattern in architecture generally divides architects into two distinct groups: those with an aesthetic interest in man-made ornament; and those who take a deeper interest in the processes that underlie the formation of pattern in the natural world. An investigation of the performative, though, enables an exploration of pattern that arises out of the interaction of man-made interventions with the natural environment. Michael Hensel , Professor for research by Design at AHO, the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and Achim Menges of the Emtech (Emergent Technologies and Design programme) at the Architectural Association in London, explore this arena based on their research and educational work at the AA and other international institutions, which focuses on aspects of performance in the built environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convoluted Flesh: A Synthetic Approach to Analogue and Digital Architecture

Marcos Cruz and Marjan Colletti advocate their own distinct design approach that is intuitive and blissful in its opulence, evoking the sublime.Here they discuss the potential of opening up ‘new spatial, or material possibilities’ that are liberated from the self-imposed restrictions of their more technologically driven contemporaries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Residential satisfaction of elderly in the city centre: The case of revitalizing neighbourhoods in Prague

While the historical cores of the post-socialist cities of Central and Eastern Europe are adapting to the invasion of tourism and profitable companies, dynamic regeneration is altering the character of the inner-city neighbourhoods from working class peripheries to modern multi-functional urban sub-centres. Changing residential environments, landscapes and functions affect the daily lives and residential satisfaction of the local population, and especially of the low-income and elderly people facing mobility restrictions. This research evaluates the residential satisfaction of the elderly in two Prague city centre neighbourhoods that experienced dramatic changes in their residential environment during the post-socialist transition: the historical core, which has been exposed to massive touristification and commercialization, and a former working class neighbourhood that has been experiencing rapid regeneration. The local accessibility of services, public spaces, housing and social support was examined through a questionnaire survey. Contrary to our expectations based on the existing literature review, the results show that, despite the rapid revitalization processes, the elderly are fairly satisfied with their residential environment in both neighbourhood types.     

Spinning the web: New social contacts of Prague’s suburbanites

Suburbanization is one of the most important processes changing the nature of metropolitan regions in Europe’s post-socialist countries. This paper evaluates the importance of social contacts of new suburbanites on local level social cohesion and development. The paper employs examples from empirical research into new suburban communities in the Prague metropolitan region of the Czech Republic. Our results show that both internal and external social ties are developing in such newly built areas, which is important for the well-being of both the neighborhood and the municipality. Internal ties foster the social cohesion of a neighborhood, while external ties encourage development of the whole municipality (e.g., via political participation or informal contacts).     

The natural environment in socialist modernity: three case studies of new urban areas in Czechoslovakia (1966–1991)

ABSTRACT

This article presents three case studies of projects to construct new urban areas situated around the capital city of Prague. These urban areas were among the largest Czechoslovak urban planning projects and were intended as comprehensive environmental planning. Indeed, all of these projects included a formal declaration of the importance of protecting the existing environment while also creating a new environment for socialist people. The first of these case studies is the unrealized project of the city of Etarea (1967) planned for 135.000 inhabitants and based on an eco-friendly systems approach. The two other case studies represent implemented projects: Ji?ní Město (South City) which was, in 1971 planned for 64.000 inhabitants (then in the 1980s for more than 100.000 inhabitants) and Jihozápadní Město (Southwest City) which was, in 1968 planned for 80.000 inhabitants (then in the 1980s for more than 147.000 inhabitants).     

The transformation of the inherited historical urban and architectural characteristics of Al-Najaf's Old City and possible preservation insights

This paper focuses on the dramatic transformation of the inherited historical urban and architectural characteristics of the city of Al-Najaf in Iraq, seeking new ways of seeing the possibilities of preserving and revitalizing the historical center of the city.In addition to being one of the most sacred centers for Shia Muslims, Al-Najaf has a rich cultural and architectural heritage. Its architectural characteristics and urban structure not only reflect the history of the city but also stand as evidence of the most important junctures in Islamic history: the martyrdom of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, who is a central Islamic spiritual personality and the second most important figure after the Prophet Muhammad. Since its establishment in 750 AD, the formation of Al-Najaf has never separated from its sociopolitical context and Islamic principles, particularly Shia Muslims’ beliefs.Today, the city is a destination for more than million Shia Muslim pilgrims each year, and the number is rapidly increasing. However, as the city continues to develop, its architecture and unique urban structure transform dramatically. The cultural and architectural heritage of the city is seriously threatened. Several factors played a crucial role in the formation and the transformation of the city's specific architectural and urban structures. The most influential factors were mainly related to religion, environment, and politics. This paper introduces the main forces behind the transformation of the deep organizational structures of the architecture and urban fabric in Al-Najaf. The question of whether it is still possible to protect and preserve the remaining parts and revitalize the Old City center is also examined. The goal is to identify the major preservation issues and provide possible insights based on successful preservation experiences that address similar issues in different contexts.