俄罗斯标准化体系概况

简要介绍了俄罗斯标准化体系 ,包括标准的层次、标准的制修订程序、标准化管理机构和运行体系     

Institutions and the supply of oil: A case study of Russia

In new institutional economics, the variance in institutions explains differences in cross-country output per capita. Institutions may also explain how the supply of oil is affected within oil-producing countries. For example in the early 1970s, as nominal oil prices increased from $3 per barrel to $11 per barrel, a number of OPEC oil producers changed the institutional environment by nationalizing their oil production and putting under government control all petroleum-related capital and infrastructure. This affected oil supplies. Similar institutional changes may be happening again now that oil prices are rising. In particular, the newly democratic Russia may be following the same path. The Russian government has already effectively taken over control of much of the oil production capacity in the country and is still heavily involved in natural gas production. In this paper, we will look at the Russian upstream oil industry as it changed from central planning to a market-oriented sector and is now swaying toward re-nationalization. Some of the laws and institutional transitions will be detailed in order to elucidate what has taken place.     

利用俄罗斯石油和天然气资源的有关问题探讨

针对我国石油、天然气资源短缺的实际状况，分析了俄罗斯远东地区石油、天然气资源在数量、品质和地理环境等方面存在的优势，对我国利用俄罗斯远东地区原油、天然气资源，拓展石油，天然气资源供应来源，提高国家石油战略安全的可能性和必要性进行了初步的探讨。     

俄罗斯石油工业改革的现状和问题

近年来作为俄罗斯经济支柱产业的石油工业，在自身发展过程中，其体制改革和生产等方面都取得一些进步，但目前仍存在着许多急待解决的重要问题，因此对俄罗斯石油工业进行一些概括性的分析和梳理对深刻认识俄罗斯石油工业未来的发展趋势是有益的。     

GOST 34.10—A brief overview of Russia's DSA

GOST 34.10 is Russia's DSA. Like its US counterpart, GOST is an ElGamal-like signature scheme used in Schnorr mode. It is similar to NIST DSA in many aspects. In this paper we will overview GOST 34.10 and discuss the three main differences between the two algorithms, (i) GOST's principal design criterion does not seem to be computational efficiency: the algorithm is 1.6 times slower than the DSA and produces 512-bit signatures. This is mainly due to the usage of the modulus q which is at least 254 bits long. During verification, modular inverses are computed by exponentiation (while the Extended Euclidian algorithm is roughly 100 times faster for this parameter size) and the generation of the public parameters is much more complicated than in the DSA. This choice of the parameters makes GOST 34.10 very secure. (ii) GOST signers do not have to generate modular inverses as the basic signature equation is s = xr + mk (mod q) instead of (mod q). (iii) GOST's hash function (the Russian equivalent of the SHA) is the standard GOST 34.11 which uses the block cipher GOST 28147 (partially classified) as a building block. The hash function will be briefly described. Copyright     

Competitiveness and an Emerging Sector: The Russian Software Industry and its Global Linkages

This paper analyzes the Russian software industry in the context of trade in information technology services. We assess Russia's underlying sources of competitive edge in software, such as its scientific establishments, education system, diaspora and low costs, and identify the institutional impediments to growth. A survey reveals that foreign outsourcing contracts, a high value-added niche and high education levels characterize Russia's small, privately held software firms. A comparison with the Indian software industry underscores the structural differences in outsourcing relationships developed by the two countries and emphasizes that national advantages are complex amalgamations of many factors and need to be overtly marketed. Beyond the resources that give comparative and competitive advantage to a transitioning economy, a critical role is played by powerful industry organizations and by non-market state institutions that can level the economic field and inject credibility into market structures.     

俄罗斯微型集成电路命名方法(OCT 11 073.915-2000标准)

介绍了俄罗斯OCT 11 073.915-2000标准规定的微型集成电路命名方法,给出器件命名的规则,使用符号及命名中使用的俄罗斯各生产厂家代码.     

Biot–Frenkel Poromechanics in Russia (Review)

The Biot–Frenkel model of fluid-infiltrated material dynamics in its original linear form is adequate to solve many problems for soils and rocks mechanics saturated with fluids. The main interest to it was connected with applications in oil/gas production and the exploration industry and also in civil engineering and ecology. The model was developed and generalized successfully for the first half century. The input of the Russian writers was essential. A corresponding review of their published results is given in this paper.     

SINOPEC Invests for Overseas Expension

Sinope buys out Lukoil from Kazakh Venture
China further strengthened its position in oil-rich Kazakhstan with its state firm Sinopec paying US$1.2 billion to buy out Russia＇s No.2 oil producer Lukoil from a venture there. Sinopec, Asia＇s largest oil refiner, will become the sole owner of Caspian Investment Resources Ltd, after the deal is completed before the end of 2014.     

Bridge over broadway

Abstract

In the middle of the 19th century, traffic congestion on the streets of New York City's commercial districts was, as it remains today, a major problem. Getting around town was especially difficult for pedestrians. Numerous solutions to ease the situation were proposed. One popular idea that had been discussed for years was finally tried in 1867. A bridge for pedestrians was built spanning the intersection of Broadway and Fulton Street in the heart of crowded lower Manhattan. Officially called the Broadway Bridge it became more commonly known as the ‘Loew Bridge’ after City Alderman Charles E. Loew, a major proponent of the project. As successful and practical as the bridge might have been it was removed a year following its erection. Its short life has been attributed to Knox, the famous hatter, who, with a store on one corner of the intersection and competition all around him, apparently felt it was a deterrent to business. According to one newspaper account, a sign was hung on the bridge just before its demolition that read, ‘This bridge has been Loew for some time, Hard Knox killed it.’