新安江模型参数有效优化及不确定性评估

应用新安江模型进行水文模拟时,由于模型本身的不足及参数多、信息量少等原因,会出现率定的最优参数组不唯一、不稳定等问题。考虑到以往的参数优选,都只得出一个参数组,不能反映出其不确定性状况。提出应用基于马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)理论的SCEM-UA算法,通过双牌流域以1 h为时段间隔的36场典型洪水数据对新安江模型参数进行优选和不确定性评估。结果表明,该算法能很好地推出新安江模型参数的后验概率分布;率定和检验结果分析也表明,应用SCEM-UA算法对新安江模型进行优选和不确定评估是有效和可行的。     

基于SODA方法的HyMOD模型不确定性分析

为了改进水文建模过程中的不确定性处理,采用一种融合全局优化和数据同化(Simultaneous Optimization and Data Assimilation, SODA)的混合框架,对HyMOD模型进行了不确定性分析,并与经典SCEM-UA方法进行了比较。SODA方法具有如下特点①具备较高的参数搜索效率和寻优能力;②明确考虑包括输入、输出、参数以及模型结构在内的重要不确定性来源。SODA方法在渭河流域的实例应用结果表明与SCEM-UA方法相比,SODA方法不仅显著提高了预报精度,而且推求出了性质更为优良的预报区间。SODA方法的成功应用,有助于模型概念的改进及对水文系统功能的理解。     

Comparison of different uncertainty techniques in urban stormwater quantity and quality modelling

Urban drainage models are important tools used by both practitioners and scientists in the field of stormwater management. These models are often conceptual and usually require calibration using local datasets. The quantification of the uncertainty associated with the models is a must, although it is rarely practiced. The International Working Group on Data and Models, which works under the IWA/IAHR Joint Committee on Urban Drainage, has been working on the development of a framework for defining and assessing uncertainties in the field of urban drainage modelling. A part of that work is the assessment and comparison of different techniques generally used in the uncertainty assessment of the parameters of water models. This paper compares a number of these techniques: the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE), the Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm (SCEM-UA), an approach based on a multi-objective auto-calibration (a multialgorithm, genetically adaptive multi-objective method, AMALGAM) and a Bayesian approach based on a simplified Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (implemented in the software MICA). To allow a meaningful comparison among the different uncertainty techniques, common criteria have been set for the likelihood formulation, defining the number of simulations, and the measure of uncertainty bounds. Moreover, all the uncertainty techniques were implemented for the same case study, in which the same stormwater quantity and quality model was used alongside the same dataset. The comparison results for a well-posed rainfall/runoff model showed that the four methods provide similar probability distributions of model parameters, and model prediction intervals. For ill-posed water quality model the differences between the results were much wider; and the paper provides the specific advantages and disadvantages of each method. In relation to computational efficiency (i.e. number of iterations required to generate the probability distribution of parameters), it was found that SCEM-UA and AMALGAM produce results quicker than GLUE in terms of required number of simulations. However, GLUE requires the lowest modelling skills and is easy to implement. All non-Bayesian methods have problems with the way they accept behavioural parameter sets, e.g. GLUE, SCEM-UA and AMALGAM have subjective acceptance thresholds, while MICA has usually problem with its hypothesis on normality of residuals. It is concluded that modellers should select the method which is most suitable for the system they are modelling (e.g. complexity of the model’s structure including the number of parameters), their skill/knowledge level, the available information, and the purpose of their study.     

Probabilistic prediction of urban water consumption using the SCEM-UA algorithm

Prediction of urban water consumption can help to improve the performance of water distribution systems. Despite the obvious presence of uncertainty in measurements and in assumed model types/structures, most of the existing water consumption prediction models are developed and used in a deterministic context. Methods for more realistic assessment of parameter and model prediction uncertainties have begun to appear in literature only recently. A novel application of the Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm (SCEM-UA) for the calibration of a water consumption prediction model is proposed here. The model is applied to a case study of the city of Catania (Italy) with the aim to predict daily water consumption. The SCEM-UA algorithm is used to calibrate the parameters of the artificial neural network based prediction model and in turn to determine the associated parameter and model prediction uncertainties. The results obtained using the SCEM-UA ANN approach were compared to the corresponding results obtained using other predictive models developed recently by the authors of the paper. When compared to the these models, the SCEM-UA ANN based water consumption prediction model shows similar predictive capability but also the ability to identify simultaneously the prediction uncertainty bounds associated with the posterior distribution of the parameter estimates.     

基于理想资料的Nash模型异参同效性研究

为研究模型异参同效问题产生的原因,基于SCEM-UA算法,选用似然函数L(20)=(σ2ε)-20,在实际资料及理想资料两种情况下,分析了Nash模型参数率定中的异参同效问题。结果表明,在理想资料情况下,采用SCEM-UA算法能得到参数真值,即避免了参数的异参同效性影响,可见模型异参同效的根本原因是参数之间的互补作用或相依性,而精确的输入、输出和模型结构是参数率定的关键影响因素,优化方法只有在模型结构和资料均准确的条件下才能发挥其功效,从而避免了异参同效问题。     

SCE-UA、SCEM-UA算法对改进的HYMOD模型模拟结果的影响

针对概念性水文模型如HYMOD模型参数不确定性问题,先对HYMOD模型进行改进,将模型设计成基于子流域的分散式;接着引入参数估计的SCE-UA和SCEM-UA两类算法,以湘江洣水流域为研究区域,对改进的HYMOD模型进行参数优化和不确定性进行了研究。结果表明,两种算法都能搜索到HYMOD模型的最优参数,使模型取得较好的径流模拟结果;但SCEM-UA算法可得到模型参数的后验概率分布,充分考虑模型参数的不确定性,具有更大的优势。     

Estimation of mixed Weibull distribution parameters using the SCEM-UA algorithm: Application and comparison with MLE in automotive reliability analysis

The shuffled complex-evolution metropolis algorithm (SCEM-UA) is used to estimate mixed Weibull distribution parameters in automotive reliability analysis. The results are compared with maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) results. The comparison shows that, in the examples given, SCEM-UA can deliver more accurate results than MLE overall.