The role of wind-wave related processes in redistributing river-derived terrigenous sediments in Lake Turkana: A modelling study

A complete annual cycle of the dynamics of fine-grained sediment supplied by the Omo and smaller rivers is simulated for Lake Turkana, one of the world’s large lakes, with the hydrodynamic, wave and sediment transport model Delft3D. The model is forced with river liquid and solid discharge and wind data in order to simulate cohesive sediment transport and resuspension. It simulates stratification due to salinity, wave generation and dissipation, and sediment advection and resuspension by waves and currents, with multiple cohesive sediment fractions. A comparison of the simulation results with remotely-sensed imagery and with available in-situ sediment deposition rates validates the model. By devising simulation scenarios in which certain processes were switched on or off, we investigated the contribution of waves, wind-induced surface and bottom currents, salinity-induced stratification and river jet, in resuspending and transporting fine sediments in the lake basin. With only the wind or river influence, most of the sediment deposition occurs in the first 10 km off the Omo River mouth and at a depth < 10 m. When waves are switched on, increased bed shear stresses resuspend most of the fine sediments, that are then deposited further and deeper in the first 30 km, in water depths > 30 m. This study sheds new light on sediment transport in Lake Turkana and in great lakes in general, favouring the view that wind-waves can be the main agent that transports sediment away from river mouths and to deeper areas, as opposed to river-plume or gravity-driven transport.     

Current variability in a wide and open lacustrine embayment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Field measurements and numerical simulations were used to determine the effects of dominant meteorological conditions on the hydrodynamics of a wide (aspect ratio ~ 2), relatively deep (seasonally stratified) and open lake embayment (Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva). A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FLOW) was employed to simulate flow in the lake. High-resolution maps of wind, temperature and humidity (over the lake) were applied as input to drive the model. Because wind was the main force driving flow in the lake, currents in the embayment were investigated systematically for different wind conditions and seasonal stratification. Satisfactory model validation was achieved using drifter and moored measurements within the embayment. Markedly different circulation patterns were measured within the embayment, with the transition from one pattern to another occurring abruptly for small changes in wind direction. These distinct patterns resulted from relatively small changes in the large gyre of Lake Geneva's main basin, especially the angle between the current in front of the embayment and the embayment shoreline. The boundary between the embayment and the pelagic zone was defined by the largest gyre within the embayment. This study shows that, (i) in a large lake, complex current patterns can occur even within a minor embayment, and (ii) that these patterns can transition rapidly over a small range of wind directions. Near-shore gyre can occur for lengthy periods, which has implications for flushing of discharges within the embayment.     

塞浦路斯的水资源及地表观光的鉴别和管理

随着塞浦路斯人口和观光事业的较大的增长，未来的几十年将面临土地和水资源的缺乏．本文在遥感和GIS的基础上，应用三个不同等级的方法确定土地的利用，并用两个决策支持工具确定土地未来的适宜性使用，以及一个水文学的模型用于水资源的分析．     

基于Delft3D污染物扩散模拟的城市湖泊 景观水体三维形态循证设计

针对长三角地区城市浅水湖泊面临景观水体污染物易于富集、难于扩散、水质较难保障的现实困境,阐述了以学科融合为基础的水体污染物扩散模拟与循证设计,提出地形作为水体形态的骨架对水动力条件的形成、湖泊水环境的改善起到关键性作用。以常熟市琴湖为例,基于湖岸线、湖底地形、岛屿、堤坝等要素,提出2种平面形态和6种三维形态,通过Delft3D模型模拟的方法,分析比较不同三维形态下的流场特征,并输入实测数据得到20天后湖泊水深平均流速与污染物总氮(TN)扩散模拟结果。研究发现:1)湖泊岸线与湖底地形变化通过流场影响污染物扩散;2)曲折度较大的岸线应尽量安排在水流的主方向上;3)岛屿设计应体量适宜、与岸线距离合适;4)长堤割裂湖体形态时,建议堤坝下部设置连通管道。研究有助于筛选对水质保持有利的设计方案,也可为城市湖泊景观水体的循证设计提供一定的技术支撑与参考。     

边界润滑下发动机油抗磨性能模拟试验与发动机试验对比

文章对几个不同抗磨剂方案的发动机油样品,在SRV-4型摩擦试验机进行了模拟试验评价,并利用SEM对磨斑形貌进行了分析,还进行了模拟发动机试验和标准TU3M发动机试验。试验结果表明:不同ZDDP方案、不同抗磨剂用量的样品在抗磨性能上表现出较大的差异。SRV摩擦试验机上的模拟评价结果与模拟发动机试验和标准TU3M发动机试验具有较好的一致性,初步表明采用SRV试验机来评价边界润滑下油品抗磨损性能的可行性。此外,还对模拟试验结果与发动机试验结果之间的对应性进行了探讨。     

Structural,electrical and optical properties of r.f.-magnetron-sputtered SnO2:Sb film

The effects of gas composition, pressure and substrate temperature on the properties of relatively thick (0.2–0.8 μm) SnO₂ films deposited onto fused quartz substrates by r.f. magnetron sputtering are reported. The lowest resistivity of about 2 × 10^?3ωcm was attained for high rate deposition conditions of about $\text{1000}\text{A}\text{?}\text{min}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$ on substrates at a temperature of 400°C in an atmosphere of 10% O₂. This value corresponds to a carrier density of 3 × 10²⁰cm^?3 and a mobility of 10 cm²V^?1s^?1. The crystal structure was found to be sensitive to all the above parameters. Low resistivity films showed a highly preferred orientation of (101) parallel to the substrate.     

Using 3D modeling and remote sensing capabilities for a better understanding of spatio-temporal heterogeneities of phytoplankton abundance in large lakes

Lake biological parameters show important spatio-temporal heterogeneities. This is why explaining the spatial patchiness of phytoplankton abundance has been a recurrent ecological issue and is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems. The drivers of these heterogeneities can be identified by modeling their dynamics. This approach is useful for theoretical and applied limnology. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic model of Lake Geneva (France/Switzerland) was created. It is based on the Delft3D suite software and includes the main tributary (Rhône River) and two-dimensional high-resolution meteorological forcing. It provides 3D maps of water temperature and current velocities with a 1?h time step on a 1?km horizontal grid size and with a vertical resolution of 1?m near the surface to 7?m at the bottom of the lake. The dynamics and the drivers of phytoplankton heterogeneities were assessed by combining the outputs of the model and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) data from MERIS satellite images between 2008 and 2012. Results highlight physical mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance in the lake. At the beginning of spring, Chl-a heterogeneities are usually caused by an earlier onset of phytoplankton growth in the shallowest and more sheltered areas; spatial differences in the timing of phytoplankton growth can be explained by spatial variability in thermal stratification dynamics. In summer, transient and locally higher phytoplankton abundances are observed in relation to the impact of basin-scale upwelling.     

Spaces of Freedom

The predicaments of the current global climate bring a new poignancy and focus to architecture. Emiliano Gandolfi , the curator of the much lauded ‘Experimental Architecture’ exhibition in the Padiglione Italia at the 2008 Venice Biennale, outlines how an emerging group of designers are redefining architecture as they seek to provide solutions that identify people's needs and address the exigencies of global warning, the environmental crisis and migration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Entrepreneurship in Architectural Robotics: The Simultaneity of Craft,Economics and Design

What do Odico Formwork Robotics, RoboFold, Machineous, ROB Technologies and GREYSHED share in common? They are all architectural robotics startups. Jelle Feringa , Chief Technology Officer at Odico, places the phenomenon of the architectural robotics entrepreneur in a historical and cultural context while highlighting the very practical role startups are poised to play in bridging the gap between academic research and industry, by providing the building industry with much needed new software tools.