Operation principles for hydrogen spark ignited direct injection engines for passenger car applications

The sustainable reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from road transport requires solutions to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, in addition to vehicles with electrified powertrains, such as those implemented in battery electric of fuel cell vehicles, internal combustion engines fueled with e-fuels or biofuels are also under discussion. An e-fuel that has come into focus recently, is hydrogen due to its potential to achieve zero tank-to-wheel and well-to-wheel carbon dioxide emissions when the electrolysis is powered by electricity from renewable sources. Due to the high laminar burning velocity, hydrogen has the potential for engine operation with high cylinder charge dilution by e.g. external exhaust gas recirculation or enleanment, resulting in increased efficiency. On the other hand, the high burning velocity and high adiabatic flame temperatures pose a challenge for engine cooling due to increased heat losses compared to conventional fuels. To further evaluate the use of hydrogen for small passenger car engines, a series production 1 L 3 cylinder gasoline engine provided by Ford Werke GmbH was modified for hydrogen direct injection. The engine was equipped with a high pressure external exhaust gas recirculation system to investigate charge dilution at stoichiometric operation. Due to limitations of the turbocharging system, very lean operation, which can achieve nitrogen oxides raw emissions below 10 ppm, was limited to part load operation below BMEP = 8 bar. Thus, a reduction of the nitrogen oxides emission level at high loads compared to stoichiometric operation was not possible. At stoichiometric operation with external exhaust gas recirculation engine efficiency can be increased significantly. The comparison of stoichiometric hydrogen and gasoline operation shows a reduced indicated efficiency with hydrogen with significant faster combustion of hydrogen at comparable centers of combustion. However, higher boost pressures would allow to achieve even higher indicated efficiencies by charge dilution compared to gasoline engine operation.     

电气化铁路既有线深路堑扩堑石方控制爆破

介绍电气化铁路既有线无隔墙台阶爆破扩堑方法。沿既有线方向设置低台阶 ,边界处布置光爆孔 ,采用“同列同段和列间微差”的起爆网路。采用自制的“炮被”和架设“钢管排架”阻挡飞石、滚石和滑石 ,确保了既有线的安全。文中还概述了“炮被”和“钢管排架”的制做以及作者的认识和体会。     

Hierarchical multi-reservoir optimization modeling for real-world complexity with application to the Three Gorges system

High dimensionality in real-world multi-reservoir systems greatly hinders the application and popularity of evolutionary algorithms, especially for systems with heterogeneous units. An efficient hierarchical optimization framework is presented for search space reduction, determining the best water distributions, not only between cascade reservoirs, but also among different types of hydropower units. The framework is applied to the Three Gorges Project (TGP) system and the results demonstrate that the difficulties of multi-reservoir optimization caused by high dimensionality can be effectively solved by the proposed hierarchical method. For the day studied, power output could be increased by 6.79 GWh using an optimal decision with the same amount of water actually used; while the same amount of power could be generated with 2.59 × 10⁷ m³ less water compared to the historical policy. The methodology proposed is general in that it can be used for other reservoir systems and other types of heterogeneous unit generators.     

致密油藏注天然气提高采收率研究现状

随着我国石油需求量不断增加,致密油藏的开发也愈发重要。如何高效开发致密油藏是一项重点难点,其中致密油藏注天然气提高采收率是一个极具潜力的研究方向。因此,本文着重介绍以天然气作为能量补充介质在国内外的研究现状和应用现状,并且从两相特征等方面总结了理论研究中的一些机理,对致密油藏注天然气提高采收率的发展前景进行了一定的展望。     

几种涉密网主机系统保护及审计技术的比较

论文比较详细地阐述了涉密网主机系统所面临的安全隐患,提出了涉密网主机安全防护所要解决的几个技术问题,并就可能实现的技术方法进行了探讨和比较。     

国产风机盘管空调系统常见问题分析

分析了国产风机盘管使用中常见的问题,指出机组因风量不足、冷量风量匹配不合理以及风机盘管某些设备故障,导致了风机盘管精度低、舒适性差、能耗高等一系列问题。指出应引起空调设计和运行维护人员的注意。     

构建高扩展性的县级广电宽带数据网络

提出在县市级广电宽带数据网络的建设过程中,要着眼业务发展,突出高扩展性,构建基于标准、扩展灵活的主干网,实现网络建设的可持续性发展,并结合实际,从核心设备、端口、中继带宽、网络业务4个方面对扩展能力进行了阐述.     

三峡水库减淤增容调度方式研究——多汛限水位调度方案

本文建议在汛期中小流量时（Q<35000m3/s），将坝前水位维持在148～151m；出现汛情且流量更较大后，将坝前水位降低到143m；入库流量大于35000m3/s且短期预报将出现大于十年一遇洪水时，预泄洪水到135m.按这一调度，汛期约80％时间可以维持在较高水位，一般洪水期。汛限水位143m不影响坝区通航，135m水位迎洪可大量增加防洪库客。到100年后可减淤30亿m3，增加防洪库容约40亿m3.变动回水区减淤40%，优化了坝区水沙搭配，可改善通航条件。降低库区洪水位，缓解防洪与移民的矛盾。可对发电带来较大好处：提高发电效益，减少粗沙过机。初期水库排沙比大于原方案，可减轻下游冲刷。同时，可减小三峡汛初泄水与鄱阳湖防洪的矛盾。     

控制棒驱动机构常温通风均匀性试验研究（续篇）

本文叙述控制棒驱动机构在常温通风均匀性方面的试验。通过平顶型堆顶结构和球面型堆顶结构通风均匀性试验的比较,找出通风的阻力、风速和不均匀系数间的规律。     

气压传动与控制在电子专用设备上的应用

气压传动与控制已成为电子专用设备研制过程中一项不可缺少的内容 ,必须进行合理的气动系统设计及其控制 ,选择相应的气动元件以满足设备的功能要求。概述了气压传动与控制在电子专用设备上的应用。