Sediment chemistry and nutrient influx in a hydrologically restored bottomland hardwood forest in Midwestern USA

Exchanges of total N and C between a river and its floodplain forest have been enhanced by sedimentation processes during flood pulses at a 5‐ha bottomland hardwood forest located at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. In the spring of 2000, the forest was hydrologically restored by notching an artificial levee that had separated the Olentangy River and its floodplain forest for 100 years. One‐hundred flat sediment traps (30 cm × 30 cm) were used to collect sediment samples during spring/summer flooding events from 2003 to 2005. Results showed that sediment deposition is determined by the landscape variability during flooding events, Net sediment deposit in the wettest area averaged 134 ± 12 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2003, 127 ± 17 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2004 and 149 ± 23 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2005. Total N and C sedimentation ranged from 0.49 to 0.92 g‐N m^?2 and 5.2 to 19.9 g‐C m^?2. Fe dominates the sediment chemistry and results show the elemental abundance in the order of Al > Fe > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Na > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Mo. A hydrologic pulsing index (HPI) could be used as an indicator for mass changes of energies with hydrologic pulsing events. Restoration of seasonally flooded bottomland forests could stimulate potentially large nutrient and Fe releases, which would eventually lead to an enhanced forest productivity and biodiversity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MEMORY·童年·印象--合肥市政务文化新区儿童公园概念性方案

合肥市政务文化新区儿童乐园的概念性方案,充分考虑了儿童的心理和成长交流需要,以儿童的自发活动为特色,兼顾各类活动设施,创造丰富活动空间,构筑了一个富有感染力、空间变幻多彩的都市儿童乐园.     

空间的塑造--厦门海湾公园设计

海湾公园利用植物、地形、大海与湖泊的周边环境等景观要素,运用隐喻、对比的手法,创造丰富、神秘、变化的空间,注重空间灵活的使用功能及其良好的人性化.     

Improved wetland remote sensing in Yellowstone National Park using classification trees to combine TM imagery and ancillary environmental data

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses the term palustrine wetland to describe vegetated wetlands traditionally identified as marsh, bog, fen, swamp, or wet meadow. Landsat TM imagery was combined with image texture and ancillary environmental data to model probabilities of palustrine wetland occurrence in Yellowstone National Park using classification trees. Model training and test locations were identified from National Wetlands Inventory maps, and classification trees were built for seven years spanning a range of annual precipitation. At a coarse level, palustrine wetland was separated from upland. At a finer level, five palustrine wetland types were discriminated: aquatic bed (PAB), emergent (PEM), forested (PFO), scrub-shrub (PSS), and unconsolidated shore (PUS). TM-derived variables alone were relatively accurate at separating wetland from upland, but model error rates dropped incrementally as image texture, DEM-derived terrain variables, and other ancillary GIS layers were added. For classification trees making use of all available predictors, average overall test error rates were 7.8% for palustrine wetland/upland models and 17.0% for palustrine wetland type models, with consistent accuracies across years. However, models were prone to wetland over-prediction. While the predominant PEM class was classified with omission and commission error rates less than 14%, we had difficulty identifying the PAB and PSS classes. Ancillary vegetation information greatly improved PSS classification and moderately improved PFO discrimination. Association with geothermal areas distinguished PUS wetlands. Wetland over-prediction was exacerbated by class imbalance in likely combination with spatial and spectral limitations of the TM sensor. Wetland probability surfaces may be more informative than hard classification, and appear to respond to climate-driven wetland variability. The developed method is portable, relatively easy to implement, and should be applicable in other settings and over larger extents.     

Assessing terrestrial wildlife populations in the Toronto and Region Area of Concern

Beneficial use impairments (BUIs) under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement identify environmental issues requiring remedial action within the Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs). We conducted this study to support the assessment of the wildlife component of BUI 3: degradation of fish and wildlife populations. We compared bird and amphibian (frogs and toads) data from the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority’s Terrestrial Long-term Monitoring Program in the Toronto and Region AOC to an adjacent, but otherwise similar, reference watershed, Duffins Creek. Twelve of 13 targets were met within the AOC for forest bird, wetland bird, meadow bird and amphibian populations based on averages of mean annual values at sites within the AOC that were within two standard deviations of averages at sites in the Duffins Creek reference watershed between 2008 and 2017. Even though wildlife populations within the AOC were within the normal range of variability expected from a reference watershed, they were often at lower levels than within the Duffins Creek reference watershed. In addition, forest bird and amphibian populations were negatively affected by urbanization within the AOC and meadow bird indices declined. We conclude that while wildlife populations within the AOC currently meet targets for BUI 3, they continue to be negatively impacted by numerous stressors that are primarily related to past and ongoing urbanization. Thus, continued restoration of wildlife habitat and protection of existing habitat within the AOC is highly recommended.     

基于不同受益者的莫莫格湿地生态系统服务权重分析

为了明确不同区域和不同社会身份受益者对湿地生态系统服务的关注程度,为今后湿地生态系统服务的管理和政策制定提供依据,以吉林省莫莫格国家级自然保护区为研究对象,运用层次分析法从当地受益者、省域受益者、全国受益者和全球受益者四个层次以及年龄、收入、职业和教育背景等社会属性对莫莫格湿地的物质生产、调蓄洪水、固碳、气候调节、大气调节、水质净化、科研教育和休闲旅游等8项服务进行比较并打分,得出权重结果。结果表明:当地受益者和省域受益者最关注湿地的调蓄洪水服务,其权重值分别为0.276 1和0.266 7;全国受益者最关注湿地的气候调节服务,其权重值为0.223 8;全球受益者最关注湿地的固碳服务,其权重值为0.203 0。年龄越高的受益者更为关注水质净化和调蓄洪水等服务;文化程度越高的受益者对于湿地的科研教育的关注程度相对较高;生态相关职业的受益者更为关注生态相关的调蓄洪水、固碳、气候调节和科研教育服务。     

A spatio‐temporal water quality assessment of the Beas and Sutlej Rivers at the Harike Wetland: A Ramsar site in Punjab,India

Lakes play a vital role in regulating water storage, flow of river water, and ultimately maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Spatial and temporal variations in physicochemical parameters of water in Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site in the northwestern state of Punjab, India, were studied. This study was conducted on a monthly basis from January to December 2015. The water quality was studied at ten locations from sites 1 to 10 upstream, central and downstream from Harike Lake for ten physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration biological oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate concentrations and salinity. The findings of this study revealed that, except for temperature and pH, all parameters exhibited relatively higher values for the Sutlej River, compared with the Beas River, with sampling sites 5 to site 7 exhibiting intermediate results. The mean seasonal temperature variations ranged from 16.9 to 26.6 °C, the pH from 7.7 to 8.2, electrical conductivity from 223 to 303 μS cm^?1 and TDS concentration from 148.7 to 180.4 ppm. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relations between the variables. The electrical conductivity exhibited a high positive correlation with salinity and biological oxygen demand, whereas it correlated negatively with the dissolved oxygen concentration. Box and whisker plots were also plotted for the study results to better examine the data distribution.     

湿地博物馆空间展示与“势”的营造

自然本来有一种势。让人轻易为其折服。她的魅力在于其纯粹的情感。博物馆是一门综合的艺术,有文化氟围和自然之势的艺术更能引发观众的感受和参与。文章基于湿地博物馆的独特性,分析了博物馆展示空间的构成、自然之势的内涵和展示空间造“势”的理论构建,并探讨了湿地博物馆展示空间“势”的营造的几种方法。     

Coupling watershed modeling,public engagement,and soil analysis improves decision making for targeting P retention wetland locations

Constructed and restored wetlands can be effective sinks for particulate and dissolved phosphorus (P) if properly managed, but identifying suitable P retention wetland locations remains challenging. From a landscape perspective, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models identify locations within target watersheds with high nutrient loads that exhibit appropriate site characteristics and hydrodynamics. However, soil properties vary at the field scale, dictating the capacity of wetland systems to remove P and ultimately determining if a given wetland will operate as a sink or source of P over time. Land ownership and site access further complicate identification of P retention wetland locations. As a result, optimization and identification of P retention wetland locations requires analysis at both 1) watershed and 2) field scales, and 3) public engagement. In response, a survey effort linked SWAT model results that identified locations with target watersheds with field soil P storage capacity data and interested landowners. Results suggest that several locations recommended for their high SWAT-predicted P loading and landowner interest were in fact not well suited for project implementation due to soil P saturation and legacy P constraints. These findings highlight the need to couple watershed models with field scale soils analysis to identify locations for P retention wetlands in order to avoid unintended P release. Additionally, increased collaboration with social scientists and others familiar with public engagement strategies is needed to improve outreach activities targeting regional water quality improvements. Practical applications for nutrient retention wetland site selection are also discussed.