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Giant hogweed at its northern distribution limit in North America: Experiments for a better understanding of its dispersal dynamics along rivers
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We studied the reproduction and dispersal of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) at its northern distribution limit in North America (Québec, 2014–2016) to better understand the invasion dynamics of the species along rivers. Seeds were collected from a riparian population to conduct germination, floatation, and dispersal experiments. Data were analysed in comparison with a real invasion case that was initiated about 10 years ago along a river system. In Québec, giant hogweed individuals produce on average 14,000 to 16,000 seeds with a germination rate of 75–85%. Seeds with endosperm that fall in water likely sink within 5 hr. Along a small brook, most disperse over short distances (<40 m) in summer, although some can travel 100–300 m. These data suggest that late‐summer or early‐fall water dispersal of seeds would not explain the magnitude and rapidity of the invasion patterns observed along streams. We suggest that late‐fall and, especially, spring floods are the most efficient dispersal vectors for giant hogweed seeds and are likely responsible for the establishment of populations kilometres downstream from introduction points along river systems. The spread of giant hogweed would consequently be less influenced in the near future by a rise in temperature than by a change in the magnitude or timing of flood events. 相似文献
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自重工况一般是高拱坝内廊道配筋设计的控制工况,由于高拱坝施工过程的特殊性及复杂性,有限元计算中自重有多种施加方式。结合工程实例,对高拱坝基础廊道结构进行三维有限元分析,比较不同自重施加方式对廊道结构应力及配筋的影响。研究结果表明:按整体自重考虑时,廊道结构应力及配筋面积明显偏小;全部按分缝自重考虑时,廊道结构应力及配筋面积明显大于按施工过程考虑自重的结果;为符合实际施工过程及结构承载规律,保证结构安全及经济合理,在拱坝结构的有限元计算中应按照施工过程考虑自重荷载。该研究成果对泄洪孔结构的应力分析也具有参考价值。 相似文献
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Natural river floodplains and adjacent wetlands grow typically a diverse and heterogeneous combination of herbs, shrubs and trees, which play an essential role in determining the total flow resistance. Hydrodynamic effects of trees in forested floodplains can provide the majority of flow resistance during flood events. Nevertheless, ground‐based techniques to acquire vegetation parameters are expensive and difficult to apply over long reaches. This paper presents a novel method of automated roughness parameterization of riparian woody vegetation by fusion of Quickbird multi‐spectral image with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. The data fusion approach includes: individual tree detection and estimation of vegetation metrics from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, assessment of predictive models for the vegetation parameters and spatial mapping of the vegetation parameters for the forest plants in the riparian corridor. The proposed method focuses on estimation of plant density (d), crown diameters (DC), tree height (h), stem diameter (DS), crown base height (cbh) and leaf area index (LAI). The procedure is tested along a 14‐km reach of the Sieve River (Tuscany, Italy) characterized by high woody plant density. Due to the complex study area, the data fusion approach explains with variable reliability the local vegetation properties (R2(DC) = 0.14, R2(h) = 0.84, R2(DS) = 0.25, R2(cbh) = 0.66). The generated structural parameter maps represent spatially explicit data layers that can be used as inputs to hydrodynamic models used to analyse flow resistance effects in different submergence conditions of vegetation. A simple flow resistance model was applied over a test area comparing the results of the proposed method and a traditional ground‐based approach. The modelling results showed that the new method is able to provide accurate output data to describe the interaction between water levels and bio‐mechanical characteristics of vegetation. The proposed methodology provides a fast, repeatable and accurate way of obtaining floodplain roughness, which enables regular updating of vegetation characteristics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The problem of designing integration traffic strategies for traffic corridors with the use of ramp metering, speed limit, and route guidance is considered in this paper. As an improvement to the previous work, the presented approach has the following five features: 1) modeling traffic flow to analyze traffic characteristics under the influence of variable speed limit, on-ramp metering and guidance information; 2) building a hierarchy model to realize the integration design of traffic control and route guidance in traffic corridors; 3) devising a multi-class analytical dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) model for traffic corridors, where not only the route choice process will be different for each user-class, but also the traffic flow operations are user-class specific because the travel time characteristic for each user-class is considered; 4) predicting route choice probabilities adaptively with real-time traffic conditions and route choice behaviors corresponding to variant users, rather than assuming as pre-determined; and 5) suggesting a numerical solution algorithm of the hierarchy model presented in this paper based on the modified algorithm of iterative optimization assignment (IOA). Preliminary numerical test demonstrates the potential of the developed model and algorithm for integration corridor control. 相似文献
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根据对城市住宅小区布置形式与空间拓扑特征的研究,建立了适用于城市住宅小区大气环境效应评估的分析模型.利用CFD软件对分析模型在不同风向角时建筑环境内的风速分布状况进行了数值模拟.并重点分析了行人高度的风环境状况.结果表明,当风向角为135°时建筑的风环境较为良好;在建筑设计时应尽量避免风速变化较大的地方成为人流活动较多的地方. 相似文献
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