北京市部分学校教室采光照明现状分析

近年来我国学生视力不良检出率居高不下,并且呈现明显上升趋势,已经到了极为严重的程度.学校教室的采光照明问题是保护学生视力健康的重要部分.2004年我国重新修订了国家标准〈建筑照明设计标准〉GB50034-2004.本文对北京市部分大中小学校进行采光照明的调查分析,结果显示,北京市学校教室采光照明问题十分严重,与国家标准要求差距很大,在被调查的39间教室中,窗地面积比达标率为20.5%,课桌面照度达标率为25.6%,黑板照度达标率为零.     

用太阳辐射转化法计算室外照度值

针对中国光气候数据资料不足、太阳辐射数据丰富以及资金有限的现状,在分析多种光气候数据采集方法的基础上,选用太阳辐射转化法获得光气候数据。引入发光功效的概念作为室外照度值和太阳辐射量转化的基本关系,并分析对比了已有的发光功效模型,运用天空晴朗指数,以重庆1991-1992年的实测数据为基础进行拟合,建立了总发光功效模型和散射发光功效模型。选用重庆1993年的实测数据对该模型进行了验证,得到了高于其他模型的计算精度。为了验证该模型在中国其他城市的适用性,对中国32个城市的年平均总照度值的计算值和实测值进行了对比,结果证明该转化模型能够满足采光设计的需要。运用这种方法只要输入某地某时刻的太阳辐射数据就可以计算出当地该时刻的室外总照度值和散射照度值,可以大大丰富中国各个城市的光气候数据。最后论文给出了该模型用于室外照度值计算的应用方法。     

HDR图像测量天空亮度及在动态采光模拟中应用

为解决在通用天空模型下进行建筑采光模拟所得到的结果准确程度不高的问题,尝试使用实测的天空亮度分布HDR图像作为光源进行建筑采光/动态采光模拟并对该方法进行了验证.首先,说明了通过高动态范围(HDR)图像测量天空亮度分布的方法;进而,介绍并验证了基于图像的采光/动态采光模拟(IBL):既使用HDR图像作为光源输入数值进行采光模拟的方法.验证实验于2017年7月4日至7月10日及2017年8月3日至8月12日进行,通过实测与模拟结果的比较分析验证了HDR图像测量天空亮度分布以及基于图像的采光模拟的准确程度.最后,文中讨论了基于天空数学模型的采光模拟以及基于图像的采光模拟的优缺点.结果表明:通过HDR图像可以准确地测量天空亮度分布;基于图像的采光模拟准确度良好,同一时刻模拟值与实测值之误差集中分布在-15%~47%范围之内;基于图像的动态采光模拟所求取的100 lxUDI3 000 lx指标值最大误差限制于±25%以内.     

Evaluation of a large dish‐type concentrator solar lighting system for underground car park

To utilize solar energy more efficiently and reduce lighting power consumption in underground public spaces such as car park, a large dish‐type concentrator solar lighting system is put forward along with its evaluation, which is a unique design to apply a laminated layer of beam split thin‐film coating and thin‐film solar cells onto the dish reflector. The collected sunlight is split into 2 parts, one being reflected into a fiber optical bundle and transmitted for daylighting, while the rest being absorbed by solar cells for electricity generation as the other way to replenish daylighting. A set of 4 solar lighting systems using 3.28‐m diameter dish are designed to meet the lighting requirement in a 1771‐m² underground car park. A mathematical model is adopted to calculate the output power and conversion efficiency of solar cells distributed on the parabolic dish surface. The indoor illuminance distribution is given by lighting simulation. The results indicate that the average daylight illuminance in the car park can vary between 62.7 and 284 lx on February 25, 2016 and between 62.7 and 353 lx on August 17, 2016 for 2 chosen days, respectively. For the presented design, the electricity produced by solar cells is just enough to power light‐emitting diodes for lighting meeting a criterion at night. Considering about 19% conversion efficiency of solar cells and the efficacy of 129.5 lm/W of light‐emitting diodes, the hybrid solar lighting system can have about 40% utilization ratio of solar energy, so it can be concluded that a sufficient lighting provision can be provided by the proposed large dish‐type concentrator solar lighting system for applications in underground car park.     

Efficient calculation of daylight coefficients for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration systems

The daylight coefficient (DC) method is a powerful and efficient method to perform annual daylight illuminance simulation. A set of coefficients are calculated for a given room space and static fenestration systems prior to simulation start. Time series of indoor daylight illuminances are obtained by only knowing the sky luminance. However, for rooms with dissimilar dynamic complex fenestration systems (such as windows with movable shadings) whose optical behaviour (transmission, reflection and scattering) may change during simulation, the efficiency of the DC method may be compromised as another whole set of coefficients must be re-calculated. This study presents the development of a new methodology to compute the DC set for rooms with dissimilar complex fenestration components only once prior to simulation start. A validation study is carried out, in which the daylight illuminances in an office space equipped with a clear window and internal Venetian blinds are compared using predictions from the present model, the Radiance program, as a benchmark model employing detailed optical model of Venetian blinds, and the Daysim program employing a simple engineering blinds model. Findings from the validation study show that the present model yields overall accurate results when compared with the benchmark model for any window orientation, although some local illuminance differences are observed in areas under direct sunlight exposure.     

三种标准天空分量叠加的天空亮度模型构建

天空亮度分布是研究建筑采光的基本资料。研究建筑动态采光要求量化年周期内天空亮度动态分布,本课题提出了通过三种标准天空亮度分布模型的分量进行叠加以近似拟合某时刻天空实际亮度分布的构想,并以此为基础建立动态天空亮度模型。本文主要介绍了三种标准天空确立的研究方法、分量叠加方式及该模型校验测试方式。     

《建筑外窗采光性能分级及检测方法》新旧标准的应用分析

结合工程实际,就CB／T11976-2002《建筑外窗采光性能分级及检测方法》与原标准CB11976—89在实际应用中的情况,逐条进行了对照分析,指出了各自的优缺点。     

智能办公大楼的采光与照明设计研究

本文从采光与照明的角度论述了智能办公楼设计中所需的楼房层高和进深。同时对智能大楼的采光与照明标准和怎样防止天然采光和人工照明中出现的眩光问题进行了探讨。     

国际上建筑天然采光研究的新动态

太阳光是随处可以利用的可再生能源,天然采光是建筑可持续发展的重要方面。本文回顾了近年来国际上比较关注的天然采光方面的研究及主要成果,提出了近期的主要研究热点和需要解决的问题。     

Assessment of daylight in rooms with different architectural features

Results are presented from a parametric study that assessed the amount of daylight in rooms with different architectural features: the orientation, window size and visible glazing transmittance, room depth, external obstruction angle and site. Annual lighting simulations were run in order to understand how the daylight availability within a space changes as a function of the architectural features. A sub-dataset of the full result database is examined in detail for north- and south-facing rooms in Turin, north-west Italy, with a visible glazing transmittance of 70%. Each feature is analysed for its influence on the daylighting conditions. A simple graphical tool is presented to promote an easier reading of the results. This was developed to provide a synthesis of information to the design team. It shows the influence of preliminary design solutions on the amount of indoor daylight. This allows a design team to assess indoor daylighting from the earliest design phases onwards and to determine which combinations of architectural features are able to provide high, acceptable or low daylight levels within a room.