消防战勤保障体系建设的思考

随着经济的发展,消防救援队伍承担的任务越来越繁重.重大灾害事故的发生,对消防战勤保障方面提出了更高的要求.文章主要从消防战勤保障的主要任务职能、消防战勤的任务分类以及消防战勤保障体系建设存在的问题与建议等几个方面进行了详细的阐述,以期消防战勤保障得到更好的发展.     

Smart firefighting construction in China: Status,problems, and reflections

“Smart firefighting” construction as a part of the “smart city” has been a concern of the public security and fire agencies at all levels. In this study, the status, problems, and reflections of “smart firefighting” construction in China are discussed. A recent survey indicates that China has launched its smart firefighting construction and initially created a new perspective on its regional smart firefighting work based on three main aspects: intelligent disaster perception by Internet of Things (IoT) construction, intelligent disaster prevention by big data construction, and intelligent disaster disposal by emergency rescue platform construction. However, the current smart firefighting construction in China still has some prominent problems such as the data interconnectivity and normalized management of various platforms, the extensibility of smart firefighting platforms, and the intelligent level of smart firefighting researches, which need to be solved urgently. Therefore, we argue that smart firefighting construction in China should establish data interconnectivity, industrial normalized management, 2D/3D geographic information interaction and extension, high-integration fire protection theory, and many other aspects in the near future and truly realize firefighting visualization and efficient data applications for 4D time space. This study could provide valuable reference for smart firefighting and smart city construction.     

Physiological responses to simulated firefighter exercise protocols in varying environments

For decades, research to quantify the effects of firefighting activities and personal protective equipment on physiology and biomechanics has been conducted in a variety of testing environments. It is unknown if these different environments provide similar information and comparable responses. A novel Firefighting Activities Station, which simulates four common fireground tasks, is presented for use with an environmental chamber in a controlled laboratory setting. Nineteen firefighters completed three different exercise protocols following common research practices. Simulated firefighting activities conducted in an environmental chamber or live-fire structures elicited similar physiological responses (max heart rate: 190.1 vs 188.0 bpm, core temperature response: 0.047°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and accelerometry counts. However, the response to a treadmill protocol commonly used in laboratory settings resulted in significantly lower heart rate (178.4 vs 188.0 bpm), core temperature response (0.037°C/min vs 0.043°C/min) and physical activity counts compared with firefighting activities in the burn building.

Practitioner Summary: We introduce a new approach for simulating realistic firefighting activities in a controlled laboratory environment for ergonomics assessment of fire service equipment and personnel. Physiological responses to this proposed protocol more closely replicate those from live-fire activities than a traditional treadmill protocol and are simple to replicate and standardise.     

浅析给排水采暖消防管道建筑施工方案

文章从分析给排水采暖、消防管道施工方案设计常见问题出发,探讨了施工方案设计方面的问题。     

Quantitative investigation of air gaps entrapped in multilayer thermal protective clothing in low‐level radiation at the moisture condition

The effects of air gaps entrapped within the multilayer protective clothing system on the thermal performance were studied during low‐level radiation (2–10 kW/m²). A bench‐scale apparatus was designed to produce the liquid droplets and simulate human sweat transferring through the multilayer fabric system. Two air gaps located between the outer shell and the moisture barrier (Gap A) and between the moisture barrier and the thermal liner (Gap B) were used with different gap sizes (0, 2, and 5 mm). The thermal resistance analysis for the heat transfer with a multilayer flat wall was used to interpret the effects of air gap. The results show that the total thermal resistance of a multilayer clothing system and the thermal resistances of the two air gaps are linearly related with the level of heat flux. It is also indicated that the air gap position affects the beneficial effect of the gap size. The effect of Gap B to improve the thermal performance is better than that of Gap A. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新型消防训练装置火焰控制的参数化仿真方法

针对新型灭火训练装置准确表现室外无风条件下运用开花水枪灭油池火过程的火焰变化规律问题,根据油火燃烧特性,基于系统动力学模型,给出了灭火过程的指数型火焰变化趋势解析形式.结合实际灭火训练数据和FDS仿真结果对灭火过程的系统动力学模型进行修正,以Netlogo系统动力学仿真模型框架为基础,构建灭火过程火焰控制的数值仿真实验平台,确定了控制火焰变化的具体参数以及参数的取值范围和物理意义,运用仿真平台模拟了人员灭火典型动作状态下的火焰变化控制过程,给出了火焰变化规律控制参数表,为新型消防训练装置控制灭火过程提供途径.     

化工厂建筑与民用建筑给排水设计的探讨

从优化给排水设计的角度出发,结合多年来从事工业与民用建筑给排水设计工作的经验,从消火栓系统设计、自喷系统设计、节能技术、节水技术和污水处理等几个方面探讨下化工厂建筑与民用建筑给排水设计中的一些区别。     

灭火防护服烟气污染及其洗消研究

通过模拟灭火防护服在火场暴露的烟气污染情形,研究烟气颗粒在灭火防护服装上的附着方式以及各层面料间的污染特征,探讨洗涤工艺对各层面料污染物的去除效率。结果显示,烟气颗粒除直接污染服装阻燃层表面外,还通过服装开口污染舒适内层。而舒适内层的污染主要为小于2 μm 的烟颗粒污染物,且更容易在层间进行蔓延扩散。不同面料的毒害污染物浓度不同,半挥发性有机物污染主要集中在防水透气层,重金属污染主要分布在隔热舒适层。常规的浸渍-机洗工艺很难去除附着在纤维表面的小粒径颗粒物,且毒害污染物的去除率低于45%。研究可为灭火防护服高效清洁提供技术支撑。     

城市综合体灭火救援技战术的特点及应用

当前大型城市综合体建筑普遍存在消防隐患多、大空间立体燃烧的问题,这不仅加剧了城市建筑火灾风险,也增加了火灾发生时人员逃生疏散工作和被困人员救援工作的难度,再加上此类建筑排烟散热性能较差,这导致火灾损失更加严重。为了降低大型城市综合体火灾损失,文章将从如何开展大型城市综合体火灾扑救工作出发,深入研究火灾扑救战术。     

一种高压室消防机器人

通过对消防机器人的功能和组成模块分析,确定消防机器人的结构形式。介绍了消防机器人的结构,并据此结构,对消防机器人的狭窄区域通过性能、稳定性和抗倾覆性能进行分析,所设计的机器人能够完成预定作业任务。最后,通过观察窗破拆、灭火操作和狭窄区域通过实验,进一步验证高压室消防机器人的性能,能够有效完成破拆和灭火作业。