Theoretical Estimate for the Parameters of Ultrasonic Impulses Excited in Geomaterials by Laser Emission

Using the transfer function method as a base, the analytical relations are obtained, as well as the main parameters are calculated for the ultrasonic impulses of longitudinal, transverse, and the Rayleigh waves excited in geomaterials by laser emission.     

Some micromechanical models of elastoplastic behaviors of porous geomaterials

Some micromechanics-based constitutive models are presented in this study for porous geomaterials. These micro-macro mechanical models focus on the effect of porosity and the inclusions on the macroscopic elastoplastic behaviors of porous materials. In order to consider the effect of pores and the compressibility of the matrix, some macroscopic criteria are presented firstly for ductile porous medium having one population of pores with different types of matrix (von Mises, Green type, Mises–Schleicher and Drucker–Prager). Based on different homogenization techniques, these models are extended to the double porous materials with two populations of pores at different scales and a Drucker–Prager solid phase at the microscale. Based on these macroscopic criteria, complete constitutive models are formulated and implemented to describe the overall responses of typical porous geomaterials (sandstone, porous chalk and argillite). Comparisons between the numerical predictions and experimental data with different confining pressures or different mineralogical composites show the capabilities of these micromechanics-based models, which take into account the effects of microstructure on the macroscopic behavior and significantly improve the phenomenological ones.     

Qualitative Estimation of Mineral Grain Sizes by Ultrasonic Laser Spectroscopy

For elastic waves in geomaterials, the method is proposed to determine experimentally the frequency dependence of attenuation factor by ultrasonic laser excitation and estimate the characteristic sizes of mineral grains. An example is shown for using the method in question for structural analysis of ferrous quartzite samples.     

Some theoretical results about second-order work, uniqueness, existence and controllability independent of the constitutive equation

When they are studied as continuum media, granular materials and other soils and rocks exhibit a complex behavior. Contrary to metals, their isotropic and deviatoric behavior are coupled. This implies some mathematical difficulties concerning boundary-value problems solved with constitutive equations modelling the salient features of such geomaterials. One of the well-known consequences is that the so-called second-order work can be negative long before theoretical failure occurs. Keeping this in mind, the starting point of this work is the pioneering and illuminating work of Nova (1994), who proved that using an isotropic hardening elasto-plastic model not obeying the normality rule, it is possible to exhibit either loss of uniqueness or loss of existence of the solution of a boundary-value problem as soon as the second-order work is negative. Because the geomaterial behavior is quite difficult to model, in practice many different constitutive equations are used. It is then important to study the point raised by Nova for other constitutive equations. In this paper, his result is generalized for any inelastic rate-independent constitutive equation. Similarly the link between localization and controllability proved by Nova (1989) is extended to some extent to a general inelastic model.     

Influence of particle contact models on soil response of poorly graded sand during cavity expansion in discrete element simulation

The discrete element method (DEM) has been extensively adopted to investigate many complex geotechnical related problems due to its capability to incorporate the discontinuous nature of granular materials. In particular, when simulating large deformations or distortion of soil (e.g. cavity expansion), DEM can be very effective as other numerical solutions may experience convergence problems. Cavity expansion theory has widespread applications in geotechnical engineering, particularly to the problems concerning in situ testing, pile installation and so forth. In addition, the behaviour of geomaterials in a macro-level is utterly determined by microscopic properties, highlighting the importance of contact models. Despite the fact that there are numerous contact models proposed to mimic the realistic behaviour of granular materials, there are lack of studies on the effects of these contact models on the soil response. Hence, in this study, a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations with different contact constitutive models was conducted to simulate the response of sandy soils during cylindrical cavity expansion. In this numerical investigation, three contact models, i.e. linear contact model, rolling resistance contact model, and Hertz contact model, are considered. It should be noted that the former two models are linear based models, providing linearly elastic and frictional plasticity behaviours, whereas the latter one consists of nonlinear formulation based on an approximation of the theory of Mindlin and Deresiewicz. To examine the effects of these contact models, several cylindrical cavities were created and expanded gradually from an initial radius of 0.055 m to a final radius of 0.1 m. The numerical predictions confirm that the calibrated contact models produced similar results regarding the variations of cavity pressure, radial stress, deviatoric stress, volumetric strain, as well as the soil radial displacement. However, the linear contact model may result in inaccurate predictions when highly angular soil particles are involved. In addition, considering the excessive soil displacement induced by the pile installation (i.e. cavity expansion), a minimum distance of 11a (a is the cavity radius) is recommend for practicing engineers to avoid the potential damages to the existing piles and adjacent structures.     

分层岩土介质爆炸效应的三维仿真模拟

分层岩土介质的爆炸效应是一个复杂的动力学问题,运用离散元框架内的三维梁-颗粒模型模拟分层岩土介质的爆炸效应.把介质用颗粒单元离散化,在相邻颗粒间添加梁,这样研究对象就成为一个由颗粒单元与梁网络形成的复合结构.梁的作用是使颗粒的集合体具有与初始对象近似的强度性质.用离散元法描述颗粒单元的运动,并通过相邻颗粒间的相对位移计算梁的变形,根据梁的强度准则判别梁是否存在;裂纹的产生及碎块的形成通过梁的消失来体现.然后采用矩阵位移法计算梁的受力,并反作用于对应的颗粒单元上.模拟结果表明,梁-颗粒模型可以克服以连续介质力学为基础的有限元等数值方法对于模拟大变形时的局限性,可以逼真地体现爆炸载荷下裂纹的生成、扩展以及碎块的形成及飞离母体等大运动特征,且模拟结果与试验结果基本一致,该方法可用于爆炸效应数值模拟,是一种有效的手段.     

岩土介质中冲击震动波传播规律的微震试验研究

冲击矿压（岩爆）造成矿山巷道及开采空间的破坏,主要原因也是由于冲击震源产生的震动波传播扰动而引起的.采用TDS-6微震信号数据采集试验系统,通过地面不同场地介质进行的微震试验,得到沿传播距离各个拾震器位置的能量变化曲线,并对比分析不同场地介质中冲击震动波传播能量衰减指数的差异.试验结果表明,岩土介质中冲击震动能量沿传播距离呈乘幂关系衰减.能量衰减指数（ 在完整坚硬致密介质中很小,而在松散软弱孔隙介质中明显增大,而且能量初始衰减很快,到一定距离后则变得非常微弱.这些结论为进一步研究巷道围岩冲击震动破坏机制、巷道围岩防冲抗震的强弱强结构控制原理等奠定理论基础.     

不同拉压模量及软化特性材料的柱形孔扩张问题的统一解

对于具有不同的拉压模量及软化特性的岩土类材料,提出了不同拉压模量及软化特性的控制参数,采用双剪统一强度理论推导了柱形孔扩张问题的应力及位移的统一解。分析了模量、模型和软化等控制参数对柱形孔扩张时的扩张压力、塑性区开展规律及应力场的影响。结果表明:圆孔极限扩张压力、塑性区的发展规律、应力场、位移场等均随着模量控制参数、模型参数及软化参数的变化而变化,因此若采用经典的弹性理论、单一的模型参数及传统的不考虑应变软化来对岩土类的工程材料进行设计计算,必会带来较大的误差。     

考虑压剪耦合特性的岩土材料广义非线性屈服准则

 针对岩土材料的压剪耦合特性,将原广义非线性强度理论(GNST)扩展为可合理考虑岩土材料屈服与破坏特性的广义非线性屈服准则。在偏平面上,屈服准则表达式采用SMP准则与广义Mises准则的插值表达式;在子午面上,屈服准则表达式采用可考虑压剪耦合特性的封闭曲线表达式。由于在过渡空间中建立相应的屈服准则表达式,因此与已有的Matsuoka-Nakai准则与Lade-Duncan准则的插值准则(MNLD准则)相比,新准则描述屈服时采用非线性强度曲线,同时能够更合理地考虑静水压力对于偏平面以及子午面上屈服特性的影响,模型参数均具有物理意义,且通过常规试验可以确定。通过不同岩土材料的破坏以及屈服特性的试验预测对比,验证了新准则在描述岩土材料压剪耦合特性方面的合理性。     

Identification of Nonstationary Changes in Stress State of Geomaterials by Infrared Radiometry Data

The measurements of intensity of infrared radiation from the surface of rock sample under nonstationary change in stress state are described. The synchronized records of alterations in axial stress of sample under the uniaxial compression and the corresponding time variations in the intensity of infrared radiation from the sample surface are obtained. It is shown that identification of the parameters of elastic oscillations under the action of nonstationary load is reliable.