大气生物气溶胶的源排放与源解析研究进展

2019年新冠肺炎(COVID-19)的全球爆发引起了公众对生物气溶胶的广泛关注。生物气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分。生物气溶胶由于具有普通气溶胶的理化性质和本身特有的生物学特性,在全球生态系统、气候变化、空气质量和公共卫生等领域均扮演十分重要的角色。然而,目前学术界对生物气溶胶的研究主要集中在采样监测、消杀防护以及其环境与健康效应等方面,关于源特性研究相对滞后。基于此,聚焦大气中微生物的来源现状,综述了最近20年来生物气溶胶的自然源和人为源排放特性研究进展,并阐述了影响源排放和输送过程的主要因素(如生物地理区域、土地利用类型和环境因素等),探讨了当前生物气溶胶的各种源解析方法。最后,给出了生物气溶胶来源下一步的研究展望,以期为深入理解生物气溶胶的来源、输送与变化机理,更好地评估大气微生物污染水平与监控病原体的气溶胶传播提供参考。     

土地利用数据多尺度表达规则提取与应用

土地利用数据综合是从大型土地利用数据库中派生多尺度数据的基本操作,提高土地利用数据综合的客观性和可靠性的有效途径是解析数据自身特征、从数据特征导出影响综合操作的规则、遵循规则实施土地利用数据综合操作.本文主要探讨随地理区域不同而变化的区域依赖性数据综合规则的提取和应用.首先阐明了数据综合规则的实现目标和规则层次性;然后详细描述了利用空间关联关系分析和景观指数分析来确定用地类型的重要性级别、各用地类型地块的最小面积域值和空间分布状态等规则的提取方法和应用,并以湖北省九峰县1:10000土地利用数据综合生成1:50 000数据为例检验上述规则的有效性.     

Irrigation infrastructure development in the Limarí Basin in Central Chile: implications for adaptation to climate variability and climate change

One option to deal with climate variability in agriculture is to build irrigation infrastructure, although this may lead to the overdevelopment of water resources, leading to ‘basin closure’. The Limarí Basin, in central north Chile, has relied on irrigation infrastructure over the last 30 years to increase water supply reliability and extend irrigated acreage, especially for permanent crops. This situation has reduced adaptation opportunities in the basin, which is currently experiencing a severe drought that, according to climate change projections, is expected to persist in the future, with important consequences for the sustainability of agriculture production.     

小城镇发展与城镇用地预测研究——以重庆市大足县为例

根据大足县的自然、社会经济环境和小城镇的发展现状,预测了大足县未来5年和10年的城镇化水平与城镇用地的需求量.根据预测,未来大足县城镇用地的需求很大.随着城镇化进程的加快,城镇用地的供需矛盾会更加突出.因此,一方面应加大农村居民点的集中和农居用地的整理,在保持耕地占补平衡的基础上,适当增加重点小城镇的用地;另一方面,要加强城镇用地的集约化程度,提高现有土地的利用率.总的原则是首先保证经济实力强的小城镇的用地,以发展其经济,增强其辐射范围,从而带动整个大足农村经济的发展,提高大足县整体经济水平;其次,对目前经济实力一般,但未来有较大发展潜力而人均用地又较少的小城镇,适当地提高其用地水平;对目前经济实力一般,而人均用地较多的小城镇,要严格控制城镇用地的增加.     

Dialectics of Power: The Case of Tulihta Land-use Agreement

Case studies of planning which involve criminal corruption are rare. The article presents a Finnish court case known as “Tulihta”, concerning the breach of a land purchase contract and treachery in the preparation of the detailed plan for the land property in question, during 1989–1993. The case is analysed from the power perspective by using a framework developed by Mäntysalo and Rajaniemi (2003 Mäntysalo, R. and Rajaniemi, J. 2003. Vallan ulottuvuuksia maankäytön suunnittelussa. Synteesi, 22(3): 117–136.  [Google Scholar]). In the framework, two sets of binary characteristics of power, namely power as control and as ability, and explicit and implicit power, are combined into a horizontal-vertical field. The case analysis is aimed to test the applicability of the framework, as well as to reveal the manifold aspects of power at play in a land-use planning process.     

Effects of urbanisation on the quality of the urban runoff for Delhi watershed

The current paper is the first study to report quality of urban runoff, focusing on the diffuse sources contributing to pollutant loads in the Delhi watershed. The quality of stormwater runoff from the urban watershed of Delhi was evaluated to assess the effects of different land-use practices on pollutant concentrations. Six sites within the Delhi watershed with different land-use characteristics were selected. The microbial quality of the urban runoff from sub-catchments of Delhi watershed is very poor with Faecal Coliform (FC) levels varying between 6 and 7 log orders. There was a good correlation between the chemical and biological quality of urban runoff with land-use characteristics such as impervious land and population density. Except for chemical oxygen demand all other parameters in urban runoff were found to exceed the effluent discharge standards set by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), India. The public health risks associated with exposure to urban runoff via different routes have also been qualitatively estimated.     

Lake extent changes in Basotu,Tanzania: a mixed-methods approach to understanding the impacts of anthropogenic influence and climate variability

Incompatible land use is a major contributor to ecosystem degradation, and is often exacerbated by climate change impacts. We investigate Lake Basotu, Tanzania as a case study where natural lake variability has been affected by agricultural land use. Comparisons between a satellite-derived history of lake surface area, local precipitation records, and corresponding anthropogenic activity show the impacts of agricultural and historical practices. We argue that insufficient consideration to the wider ecological impacts of large agricultural projects has lasting implications. This is particularly true in semi-arid environments where food production demands need to be continuously met. In the future, major conservation strategies should be investigated to maintain the environmental integrity and sustainability of freshwater resources.     

遥感技术在土地利用中的应用

本文利用Aster遥感数字图像，建立了彬县煤矸石电厂评价区各土地利用现状类型的遥感影像特征，采用目视解译和人机交互解译相结合的方法，圈定了土地利用现状类型范围，在此基础上，进行土地利用类型面积统计，总结各土地利用现状的空间分布特征，为了科学地评价电厂建设对生态环境的影响提供了基础依据。     

土地更新调查县(区、市)级行政界线及面积接边方法——以昆明市为例

民政勘界形成的行政界线和行政区面积成果是国家相关法律认定的法定成果,土地利用现状更新调查的土地权属界定和面积量算控制必须严格沿用民政勘界成果。针对1∶5万民政堪界成果转绘到1∶1万土地利用现状图上后,产生权属界线与实地微观地形、地貌不符、1∶1万图幅之间的权属、图斑界线产生接边误差、1∶5万图幅与其相应的1∶1万分幅面积之和存在误差等问题,提出了基于土地利用现状数据库、利用数字制图和数据库管理技术进行行政界线和面积接边的方法。