Selecting a waste management option using a life-cycle analysis approach

Solid-waste management, and in particular the disposal of used packaging, is currently the subject of much topical debate. This is driven by both consumer and legislative pressures. Consumers see used packaging as a highly visible element of municipal solid waste, complaining of excessive packaging and low levels of recycling. Legislators, perhaps in pandering to the views expressed by consumer bodies, have been active within the CEC and individual Member States by introducing (or proposing) legislation or similar regulatory tools and targets to facilitate a greater diversion of used packaging from disposal by landfill to alternative solid-waste management practices, in particular recycling, which are widely accepted to have a lower impact on the environment. In this paper the relative environmental profiles of pursuing alternative solid-waste management practices to disposal by landfill are explored, focusing not just on solid waste per se but also on associated considerations of energy consumption and emissions, which are invariably overlooked as factors contributing to the environmental impact of solid-waste management practices.     

计及综合能源系统全寿命周期碳排放和碳交易的电转气设备和光伏联合优化配置

综合能源系统(IES)能够提高能源利用效率,合理配置低碳设备可有效降低碳排放,促进碳中和.提出了一种计及IES全寿命周期碳排放和碳交易机制的电转气(P2G)设备和光伏(PV)容量联合配置方法.对基于某分布式能源站的IES进行设备建模,构建了IES全寿命周期碳排放模型,给出了P2G设备和PV的全寿命周期碳排放计算方法;以基于阶梯罚金机制的碳交易成本、含用水成本和考虑分时电价的购能成本以及设备成本之和最小为优化目标,建立了P2G设备和PV的联合优化配置模型.基于某分布式能源站的实际参数进行算例分析以验证所提方法的正确性和有效性,并探讨了碳交易机制对优化配置结果的影响.     

水运工程施工项目全过程管理的有效性探索

水运工程项目作为我国航运和水利的重要组成部分,其重要性不言而喻。针对现阶段水运工程项目建设和运行过程中存在的管理制度不够完善、施工材料耗损大、技术人员专业知识匮乏等问题,采用全过程管理模式对水运工程项目进行管理。通过分析影响水运工程项目全过程管理的要素,并重点从组织机构管理、质量管理、成本管理、进度管理、安全管理等方面探讨了水运工程项目全过程管理的有效性,明确了提高水运工程项目全过程管理有效性的控制重点,旨在提高企业的经济效益。     

刍议全寿命周期成本在配电网规划中的实践

目前,市场经济体制的确立和完善促使供电企业之间的竞争日趋激烈。在配电网规划中应用全寿命周期成本,可以提升企业的经济效益和综合竞争力,推动其更好、更快地发展。通过简要分析全寿命周期成本在配电网规划中的实践,提出了一些有价值的参考意见。     

建筑产品全寿命周期的安全管理

建筑业是一个危险性高、易发生事故的行业.从全寿命周期的角度出发将建筑产品划分为前期准备、设计、施工和竣工验收及交付使用4个阶段,分别进行每个阶段的安全现状分析,指出建筑产品安全管理工作的问题与不足,提出相应的安全措施和管理方法,对消除隐患、防止重大事故的发生,具有一定的实践指导意义.     

飞机故障预测与健康管理应用模式研究

针对现有飞机维修机制的不足进行了分析,描述了故障预测与健康管理、视情维修和自主后勤的三者之间的关系。提出了三种典型的故障预测与健康管理(PHM)应用模式,在分析比较现有三种模式优劣的基础上,进一步指出PHM的发展趋势。设计了一种飞机故障预测与健康管理(PHM)系统框架,并运用物联网技术完成了对自主保障系统的构建,能够有效提升飞机的自主保障能力。最后论证了故障预测与健康管理和持续采办与全寿命支持(CALS)之间的关系,为装备采购和全寿命支持提供了技术支持和理论依据。     

基于蒙特卡罗的高速公路项目全寿命周期成本模型

在分析高速公路项目全寿命周期成苯构成的基础上,采用成本现值和等额成本年值指标构建了高速公路项目全寿命周期成本数学模型,并针对成本计算中的不确定性,运用蒙特卡罗方法对实例进行了模拟,验证了模型和模拟方法的实用性,为高速公路项目建设方案决策和节约成本提供了科学方法和理论依据．     

Environmental life-cycle inventory of detergent-grade surfactant sourcing and production

Life-cycle inventories were compiled to characterize natural resource requirements and environmental emissions associated with the sourcing and production of selected, detergent-grade surfactants and surfactant feedstocks. Petrochemical surfactant types examined were linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and alcohol ethoxylate sulfate (AES). Oleochemical surfactants derived from palm oil, palm kernel oil and inedible tallow were AS, AE, AES and (for palm oil and tallow) methyl ester sulfonate. It was determined that natural resource requirements were primarily related to the source of feedstock and secondarily to surfactant type. Likewise, the composition and mass of atmospheric, aqueous and solid emissions were principally determined by feedstock source. Energy requirements varied as a function of both feedstock and surfactant type. The inventories do not support fundamental shifts in surfactant usage or feedstock sourcing on the basis of environmental concerns, as no single surfactant or feedstock was identified as superior across all resource and emissions criteria examined. The data provide baselines for evaluating opportunities for resource optimization, pollution prevention and waste minimization within each production technology surveyed.     

基于LCC管理的变电站主接线的风险评估

全寿命周期成本(life-cycle Cost,LCC)管理是资产全寿命周期管理(life-cycle management,LCM)的基础和技术手段。Petri网具有图形化表达方式,可以对故障树分析、马尔可夫方程等进行改进并补充更多特征和信息,提高了整个风险评估系统的速度和准确性。采用基于LCC管理的风险评估的方法,在变电站主接线运行分析过程中建立四状态模型。讨论了元件发生计划检修事件和断路器拒动现象,提出利用Petri网的基本方程确定系统状态并计算相应概率,定量分析变电站主接线运行的断供成本,寻求最佳效益下的运行方式。在算例中讨论计算了不同主接线方案的风险指标断供成本,计算结果验证了所提算法的可行性。     

No More Stopping

The dissolution of the conventional breaking points in the construction and completion phases of a building's delivery has blurred ‘the distinction between the production of design intent and the transmission of information’. Here Richard Garber , Director of the School of Architecture at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), advocates that architects should use this as an opportunity to widen their remit, gaining agency and with it responsibility and the financial rewards to practice. Here he draws from the examples of UNStudio, GLUCK+ and his own New-York based practice, GRO Architects.