Power sector development in India with CO2 emission targets: Effects of regional grid integration and the role of clean technologies

The power sector in India at present comprises of five separate regional electricity grids having practically no integrated operation in between them. This study analyses the utility planning, environmental and economical effects of integrated power sector development at the national level in which the regional electric grids are developed and operated as one integrated system. It also examines the effects of selected CO₂ emission reduction targets in the power sector and the role of renewable power generation technologies in India. The study shows that the integrated development and operation of the power system at the national level would reduce the total cost including fuel cost by 4912 million $, total capacity addition by 2784 MW, while the emission of CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x would be reduced by 231.6 (1.9%), 0.8 (0.9%), 0.4 (1.2%) million tons, respectively, during the planning horizon. Furthermore, the study shows that the expected unserved energy, one of the indices of generation system reliability, would decrease to 26 GWh under integrated national power system from 5158 GWh. As different levels of CO₂ emission reduction targets were imposed, there is a switching of generation from conventional coal plants to gas fired plants, clean coal technologies and nuclear based plants. As a result the capacity expansion cost has increased. It was found that wind power plant is most attractive and economical in the Indian perspective among the renewable options considered (Solar, wind and biomass). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lifetime and ageing management of nuclear power plants: A brief overview of some light water reactor component ageing degradation problems and ways of mitigation

The susceptibility and tendency for nuclear power plant (NPP) components to undergo changes in their mechanical and physical properties in the course of the NPP lifetime is generally termed as “ageing”. The light water reactor (LWR) nuclear environment is not a begnign one; it is characterized not only by fast neutrons, which can degrade metallic structures, but also relatively high temperatures of coolant water (around 300°C) which may contain impurities (e.g. sulphate, chloride, peroxides) which can cause corrosion. The hydrodynamical conditions of the coolant in steam generators, for example, can cause thermal fatigue, erosion and corrosion; suspended particulate matter can accelerate erosion processes which can lead to wall thinning and lowering of safety margins. Ageing is, therefore, a very complex mixture of factors concerned with materials, temperatures, times of exposure to environments which vary with time and with respect to chemical composition and flow charactertistics.

The paper describes a few ageing phenomena which can be considered important due to their impact on nuclear safety issues; their influence on economic aspects (availability) of NPP is outlined. Mitigation measures for NPP component ageing problems are given together with recommendations for addressing such issues in NPP now and in the future.     

Preliminary Study in Spatial Data Warehouse of Flood Control and Disaster Mitigation in Yangtze River Basin

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无线通信基站建设中电磁辐射缓解技术应用实践

无线通信基站电磁辐射缓解技术包括增加发射天线架设高度、增加天线增益、降低发射器功率、减小VRP下倾角度和改变垂直辐射图VRP等。结合案例分析了无线通信基站建设过程中电磁辐射缓解技术的应用实践。     

Vertical shaking table tests on the structure with viscoelastic multi-dimensional earthquake isolation and mitigation devices

The viscoelastic multi-dimensional earthquake isolation and mitigation device is a new kind of passive control device, which can perform its "name-giving" task of earthquake isolation and earthquake mitigation simultaneously. In order to quantify its vertical earthquake isolation and mitigation effect on structures, firstly, shaking table tests on steel frame structures with and without the devices were carried out; secondly, analysis on dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of the structures was al...     

Increased hydropower production and hydropeaking mitigation along the Upper Inn River (Tyrol,Austria) with a combination of buffer reservoirs,diversion hydropower plants and retention basins

Research on hydropeaking in Austria started in the 1990s and the implementation of the WFD stipulated large research projects since the year 2009. The first research projects supported the process understanding and in a second investigation step, measures were evaluated. The mountains in the region of Tyrol create large heads and thus support the production of flexible energy. In this region, TIWAG is operating 9 large (>10 MW) and 27 small (<10 MW) hydropower plants, with an installed capacity of about 1,550 MW and a mean annual production of 3,000 GWh. As the governmental energy strategy foresees an extension of the hydropower production in Austria, suitable options were selected in 2004 by TIWAG and the water management framework plan for Western Tyrol was developed. This strategic planning instrument proposes five large power plants, with a generation of 1,800 GWh/year of renewable energy, which enables to reach the WFD targets, because the concept includes hydropeaking mitigation by combining buffer reservoirs (impoundments), diversion hydropower plants, and retention basins. We present our promising concept of hydropeaking mitigation and exemplify this based on the GKI, a hydropeaking diversion hydropower plants (HPP) at the Swiss/Austrian border as well as the Silz hydropeaking retention basin, with a volume of about 300,000 m³. As the presented case studies are the largest measures for hydropeaking mitigation being currently implemented in Central Europe, they have pilot-character. Thus, ongoing research and monitoring programs are expected to improve the knowledge about hydropeaking mitigation.     

北京市山区河道治理思路探讨

本文通过论述北京市地形、地势条件及特殊的气候条件,分析山区河流的特点,总结以往规划治理过程中存在的有关问题,探讨了山区河道治理思路,并提出了相应的改进的方向和措施,因此创立了由"减阻减糙"到"增阻增糙"的治理思路和模式;即:保证河道治理后,相应频率洪水流速及水位不大于治理前,降低区域防洪风险并降低对下游干流河道洪水威胁。     

日本中小河流风险区域图制作方法

基于日本2005年针对中小河流制定的洪水淹没风险区域图制作指南,对日本中小河流洪水 淹没区域风险图的制作进行了较详细的介绍,其中归纳了其所需资料、洪水淹没分析方法和淹没区域 风险区域图的具体制作,对我国山区河流洪水风险区域图编制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

黄泛平原古城“环城湖”与城市防洪减灾

以黄泛平原为研究背景,以该地城内形态相似的“环城湖”为研究对象,通过对其构成要素、历史成因、演变过程、空间格局等方面的研究,探讨了“环城湖”在黄河洪水与泥沙作用下的生成机制与演变规律.认为:古城“环城湖”是特定自然条件下黄河泛滥引起生态环境改变与古代城市营建模式共同作用的结果,在古城营建过程中承担着泄洪、排涝等防洪减灾功能,并在当今城市建设中仍发挥着重要作用;只有充分了解古城“环城湖”的形成过程与演变机制,才能重新认识和定位“环城湖”的当代价值,从本质上把握古城“环城湖”的特色与精华.     

分数频率复用的帧结构及性能分析

针对现代无线通信系统在干扰控制方面越来越高的要求,利用通信帧中子载波的重新分配,提出了帧结构设计中一种新的分数频率复用方法—时频分分数频率复用,并将其与传统的分数频率复用方式进行比较。这一新方法是在对系统容量进行建模之后,综合资源块分配中的时分和频分模式提出的,其对应的帧结构相对于传统的FFR具有更高的调节粒度。实验结果验证了这种设计以少量系统容量为代价,在提升系统公平性、提高边缘用户吞吐率方面的性能优势。