Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

焦作某铝厂赤泥堆场工程防渗对地下水水质的影响

根据堆放场底部铺设赤泥加石灰垫层和防渗膜的工程防渗处理措施,探讨了赤泥渗滤液的日实际渗透量以及该区域地下水对赤泥渗滤液的日最大允许入渗量。讨论了该防渗情况下,堆放场对周围地下水水质的影响。     

"平垸行洪、退田还湖"对血吸虫病扩散的影响及对策研究

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人民健康、影响社会经济发展的传染性疾病,钉螺是血吸虫的唯一中间宿主.1998年洪水后实施的"平垸行洪、退田还湖"措施对于钉螺和血吸虫病的扩散有着重要的影响.总结影响钉螺和血吸虫病扩散的因素,并对典型"平垸行洪、退田还湖"后钉螺和血吸虫病变化情况进行调查研究,结果表明,认识某一区域钉螺和血吸虫病扩散...     

桩筏基础与地基共同作用的半解析半数值分析法

将群桩筏板基础离散成桩和弹性板,桩筏基础与地基的共同作用转化为桩、弹性板与地基之间的力与位移协调分析。对不同的地基模型求解相应的地基柔度系数,同时将桩作为弹性杆件求解其柔度系数,并将筏板视为地基上的四边自由矩形板,求出其在地基反力、桩顶反力和外荷载以及简支边广义位移共同作用下的位移,最后通过力和位移协调建立桩、筏、地基之间的共同作用方程并求解。算例对比表明半解析半数值方法具有较好的精度,能满足实际工程计算需要。     

桩承式路堤土拱数值模拟中路堤土本构模型的选择

数值模拟方法已成为研究桩承式路堤中土拱最重要的手段,其关键在于路堤填土要采用合理的本构模型。建立桩承式路堤平面土拱分析的弹塑性有限元模型,考虑摩尔-库伦模型（MC）、硬化土模型（HS）和小应变硬化土模型（HSS）3种不同的路堤土本构模型,用有限元方法模拟不同路堤土本构模型下桩承式路堤中的土拱形态和土拱效应。计算结果表明：3种不同路堤土本构模型下平面土拱的形态都是半个椭圆。路堤土采用HS和HSS模型,获得的土拱形态、效应和桩帽-土差异沉降相同。较之HS和HSS模型,路堤土采用MC模型时计算得到的桩帽-土差异沉降较小,桩帽荷载分担比略大。当路堤高度较小时,采用MC模型获得的土拱远小于HS和HSS模型下的计算结果。土拱效应的数值模拟中路堤土可采用简单的MC模型,但土拱形态的数值模拟中路堤土宜采用HS模型。     

CFG桩地基处理质量事故的检测分析

对3个CFG桩地基处理的案例进行了分析,通过检测确定CFG桩的质量问题重点介绍、分析了在软土中进行CFG桩施工情况,有发生严重质量事故的失败案例,也有利用碎石桩搭配CFG桩的成功案例,具有一定的参考意义。     

复合桩基地基极限承载力的下限有限元解

复合桩基在达到整体极限承载状态时,因桩的遮拦作用使得地基极限承载力较天然地基有一定提高。其分析可简化为地基竖向极限承载力和地基土水平向绕桩作用产生的极限承载力提高值的叠加。利用下限有限元方法,求解得到地基的极限承载力和不同深度处土体绕桩阻力的数值解,并建立了绕桩阻力计算公式。绕桩阻力系数ks随桩间距的增加而逐渐减小。地基极限承载力提高值Δfu随桩间距的增加而逐渐降低。计算表明:复合桩基下绕桩阻力存在并不可忽视,承台下地基极限承载力有明确的提高,可以作为地基的安全储备。     

变刚度桩筏基础变形特性试验研究

分别以天然地基筏板和4组变刚度桩筏基础模型对比试验为基础,分析基桩平面布置、几何尺寸与基础沉降的关系,从而为桩筏基础变刚度调平概念设计提供试验依据。试验研究表明：与上部结构共同作用的桩筏基础,总体上其沉降分布表现为中心区域沉降较大而边角位置沉降较小;筏下均匀布桩较之天然地基,基础沉降量的最大值大约减少70%;基础中心区域桩长增加1倍或者桩数增加1／3,沉降量的最大值约减少50%;上部结构与核心筒下局部加大基桩几何尺寸和适当增加桩数能够有效地减少沉降量的最大值以及沉降差,从而达到调平的效果;筏下布桩有助于减少基础周边的地表沉降,可使其影响局限于1／4基础宽度范围之内。图11表3参12     

CFG桩复合地基现场荷载试验研究

通过现场荷载试验分析CFG桩单桩和复合地基承载力特性,研究褥垫层的作用机理,验证了采用振动沉管施工CFG桩来处理深厚超软地基是可行有效的。CFG桩单桩承载力取决于桩体和地基土强度,与桩间距关系不大;复合地基承载力与桩间距关系密切;对于超软地基而言,褥垫层不仅能保证桩土共同承载,调整应力分布,提高地基承载力,还能起到水平排水和促进地基固结的作用。设计和施工时应注重桩长和褥垫层的质量。     

堤防隐患的多维灰色系统综合评估

采用多维灰色系统综合评估理论提出了对堤防隐患的评估方法。通过分析堤防的工程地质条件、物探资料及对堤防已采取的工程措施等影响堤防安全的因素,对堤防隐患的程度作了较为合理、科学的评估。实例分析计算表明,这是一种行之有效的方法,值得推广。另外,通过工程实例分析,对黄河下游堤防隐患的程度进行了分类,结果令人满意。该方法对治理堤防隐患提供了强有力的数据支持。