浅析当前环境下国有资产的现状和管理对策

改革开放使中国经济实现了持续高速的发展。然而,随着改革的不断深入,国有资产面临着在新经济环境下的角色转换,在此过程中由于各种原因每年有数百亿元的国有资产流失,所以,国有资产的保值增值成为现阶段乃至将来一段时间我国政府的重大经济课题。本文对国有资产的历史和现状进行了分析并从多角度提出了一些管理方面的看法。     

美国对“国有企业私有化抵消补贴”的认定及我国的策略

美国商务部判断国有企业私有化抵消补贴方法经历了几次修改。1989年美国商务部认为国有企业独立交易实现的私有化将会消除过去得到的补贴;1991年美国商务部又得出相反的结论。1993年美国商务部推出了“三步法”,要求被申请人自行证明私有化过程中补贴利益的完全偿还,以证明补贴利益没有被传递。目前美国商务部运用的是“同一主体法”,即如果交易前后的实体为同一个实体,则补贴将会传递给新所有者,私有化之后的企业会获得补贴利益;反之,则不会获得补贴利益。我国的策略是坚持WTO主张的独立交易法进行认定。     

Changing Ownership Structures in the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector

Abstract

The development over time of the water supply and sanitation sectors in four countries is analyzed to reveal the changing role of the private sector. In some cases, local, small-scale private water supply and sanitation systems have been able to develop progressively into large-scale official systems, which may later be privatized. In other cases, foreign capital has been more significant in the development of modern water supply and sanitation systems, particularly where privatization has occurred much earlier in the national development process. In much of the developing world, domestic water supply and sanitation is dominated not by the official water supply and sanitation companies but by independent operators who function without subsidies but with enormous variability in terms of quality of service and prices offered. However, they are constrained generally by the absence of appropriate institutional and legal frameworks, including the lack of independent regulatory authorities. There is a need, where appropriate, to continue to encourage large-scale private sector involvement in the official water supply sectors of the developing world. At the same time though, it is only by promoting policies that also further the development (where appropriate) of the independent water supply and sanitation providers that access to water supply and sanitation services can be maximized since better use of local resources in many developing countries, both local human resources and capital, provide a key means for improving access to water supply and sanitation.     

东莞市垃圾处理私营化的研究

文章从城市生活垃圾、工业固体废物等方面主要分析东莞市垃圾处理的现状,介绍国外有关城市废物管理机构私营化成功案例,并对这些案例进行科学分析,找出其中的共同点,进而对东莞市垃圾处理私营化进行可行性分析,并得出相关结论,为政府决策提供可靠的参考意见。     

城市公用事业民营化探讨

城市公用事业民营化已成为当今世界性的发展趋势,我国也从20世纪90年代以来,对公用事业的传统体制进行了一系列改革。但从总体上看,弊端没有完全消除,在某些领域表现还比较突出。应顺应世界趋势,根据市场经济的要求,在出台政策、更新观念、改革规制体制、创建竞争平台、规范产品和服务价格的基础上,采取直接或合资并购、纯民营、BOT(建造-运营-移交)、TOT(转让-经营-转让)的模式进行改革。     

Why contracts fail: a game theoretic approach to managing urban water

In developing countries, urban water is often provided by public private partnership (PPP). However, PPPs remain highly contentious, with many contracts renegotiated or stalled. Prima facie, this stems from issues in the French model of contract design between two parties – the government and the private operator. Critics point out that in reality, the PPP is a tri-party exchange of promises, services and fees linking the interests of the private operator, the government and the people. We propose a game theoretic analysis comparing a two-party contracting model with a tri-party one, which is tested against a real-world experiment in the water utilities in Manila and Jakarta. Paradoxically, we ?nd that a tri-party contracting model, though analytically more faithful in separating the interest of the government from the consumers’ leads to sub-optimal outcomes. In practical terms, we ?nd that an independent regulator may not generate better outcomes.     

Rental housing in Central and Eastern Europe as no man's land

The central question addressed in this paper is whether both thesocial and private rented sectors in Central and Eastern Europeancountries are based on robust institutions or constitute a no man'sland. The latter case is a position a landlord tries to avoid andpublic authorities try to abandon by promoting home-ownership.As we argue in this paper, during the transformation of economic and housing policy in Central and Eastern Europe,the perception of the social rental sector as a no man's landis not far from the truth. The same applies for private renting,which has the reputation of being an extension of the owner-occupiedsector. A truly professional private rented sector is still lackingin Central and Eastern Europe. National and local governments try to get rid of rented dwellings by promoting owner-occupation.If they want to prevent the rented sectors from remaining orbecoming a no man's land, they have to create regulations andinstitutions like those in West European countries to supportboth social and commercial rented housing.     

英国水务行业私有化变革的启示

英国在1979—1997年撒切尔夫人执政期间，对水务行业进行了全面的私有化改革。改革以立法为基础，通过颁布一系列相关法律，奠定了水务行业私有化的基础，明确了水务监管机构的法律地位，界定了监管机构的职责权限、监管内容、监管目标和监管程序，通过多年实践逐步建立了由立法、执法和社会监督组成的“三位一体”管制框架，建立并完善了一整套与市场化机制相适应的水法体系、水务行业监管体制和水价形成机制。尤其是其RPI—X价格管制机制，将价格调整与激励企业改进生产效率有机地结合起来，得到世界各国的广泛关注和学习。回顾英国水务行业10多年私有化改革历程，借鉴其经验和教训，对于我国水务行业，乃至公用事业改革和发展都会有重要的帮助。     

关于石油工业国有化与私有化的思考

本文通过对主要石油产消国的企业产权制度进行对比分析,探索面对国际油价持续上涨时所采取的国有化或私有化的战略性调整策略,寻找不同产权制度安排下经营石油资源资产与降低交易成本的一般规律,导出在租值消散博弈中原油供需均衡曲线向右上倾斜的必然结果,并初步得出不同石油资源禀赋国家参与国际石油市场分工的策略与中国应对租值消散博弈的策略。