夏热冬暖地区住宅平面设计与空调能耗关系分析

夏季住宅空调能耗已成为目前广州地区电力过荷的一个主要原因，而目前建筑师对住宅设计中的空调能耗因素并未有深入的考虑。本文就广州地区中高层住宅标准层平面设计中的朝向、形状、大小及层高与空调能耗关系进行了相关的分析，适用于夏热冬暖地区。     

A multi-objective programming model for scheduling emergency medicine residents

Scheduling emergency medicine residents (EMRs) is a complex task, which considers a large number of rules (often conflicting) related to various aspects such as limits on the number of consecutive work hours, number of day and night shifts that should be worked by each resident, resident staffing requirements according to seniority levels for the day and night shifts, restrictions on the number of consecutive day and night shifts assigned, vacation periods, weekend off requests, and fair distribution of responsibilities among the residents. Emergency rooms (ERs) are stressful workplaces, and in addition shift work is well-known to be more demanding than regular daytime work. For this reason, preparing schedules that suit the working rules for EMRs is especially important for reducing the negative impact on shift workers physiologically, psychologically, and socially. In this paper, we present a goal programming (GP) model that accommodates both hard and soft constraints for a monthly planning horizon. The hard constraints should be adhered to strictly, whereas the soft constraints can be violated when necessary. The relative importance values of the soft constraints have been computed by the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), which are used as coefficients of the deviations from the soft constraints in the objective function. The model has been tested in the ER of a major local university hospital. The main conclusions of the study are that problems of realistic size can be solved quickly and the generated schedules have very high qualities compared to the manually prepared schedules, which require a lot of effort and time from the chief resident who is responsible for this duty.     

辽宁省城镇居民生活用水定额

本文分析了城镇居民生活用水的特点,介绍了辽宁省城镇居民生活用水定额制定的原则、方法。通过对全省县级以上城镇居民生活用水情况的调查,制定适合辽宁省实际情况的城镇居民生活用水定额。     

重油催化裂化沉降器结焦原因分析

分析了重油催化裂化沉降器结焦的原因，认为反应油气中含有催化剂颗粒以及油气中重组分的冷凝是沉降器结焦的物理原因，而重芳烃、胶质、沥青质的高温缩合则是沉降器结焦的化学因素。因此，防止沉降器结焦的关键是抑制油气重组分的冷凝和减少油气在沉降器内的停留时间。     

住宅区室外环境的人情味探索

本文从现代生活对居住环境的要求出发,指出目前我国城市住宅区空间环境规划设计中普遍存在的过于理性化、简单化、标准化的构成模式的不合理性。呼吁建筑师、规划师们应广泛根植于人民,关怀每日所居住的生活环境,了解当地居民的心理机制、行为需求、情感意志、文化趣味等,并以此作为唯一依据,从宏观控制入手,根据住宅区的时空特性进行规划设计,进而创造出能真正适合于当地居住对象所需要的、富有人情味的居住环境,以确保其生活品质。     

多交叉混沌选择反向小生境遗传算法

为提高小生境遗传算法的全局以及局部搜索能力,提出一种多交叉混沌选择反向小生境遗传算法。利用分段线性混沌映射函数生成一组混沌数序列,在每次进行交叉操作前,依据序列中对应元素的数值大小选择不同的交叉算子进行操作,通过小生境遗传算法产生较优的子代种群。针对子代种群,应用反向搜索策略获得反向种群,在子代种群和反向种群中进行精英选择得到最终新种群,以进一步加强算法的局部寻优能力。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在最优解及均值方面好于小生境遗传算法,从而证明其可行性和优越性。     

基于高级Petri网的住院医师培训工作流建模与分析

为了实现住院医师培训系统协调并发运行、工作流程顺畅无误运转,提出一种基于着色高级Petri网与跨组织Petri网技术相结合的综合建模方法.针对跨组织模型结构,通过分级验证法验证模型性能,即采用不变量验证法验证组织内活性,采用归约可达图法验证组织间关联关系的可达性.利用不变量法和归约可达图验证法可确保组织内部和组织间无死锁,采用着色跨组织方法构建的模型适应于住院医师培训系统多角色和并发性的特点,提高了系统的实用性和高效性.     

西部地区农村留守人口居住社区化研究——以关中地区农民意愿调查为例

随着农村青壮年劳动人口持续大规模地进城务工经商,农村普遍出现了空心村和空巢家庭,产生了留守人口问题.特别是与农户土地分散经营紧密相连的分散居住方式,既缺乏公共设施与公共服务,也浪费稀缺耕地资源,还不利于村民居住生活质量的提高,留守族困境难以化解.文中研究以欠发达地区农村留守家庭为背景,以集聚经济理论为指导,以入户问卷调查数据为依据,借鉴国内外相关理论,运用统计分析和规范分析相结合等方法,系统分析了影响农民居住意愿转变的主要因素与实施路径,继而得出了如下结论:加快区内农业产业化、土地资源优化和农民非农化步伐;实施政府规划和社区基础设施及公共服务设施投入先行;在尊重农民意愿的基础上,稳步推进农村新型社区建设,实现农民居住社区化和居住生活质量提高,有效化解留守族困境,全面建设社会主义新农村.     

A constraint programming-based solution approach for medical resident scheduling problems

Persistent calls come from within the graduate medical education community and from external sources for regulating the resident duty hours in order to meet the obligations about the quality of resident education, the well-being of residents themselves, and the quality of patient care services. The report of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) proposes common program requirements for resident hours. In this paper, we first develop a mixed-integer programming model for scheduling residents’ duty hours considering the on-call night, day-off, rest period, and total work-hour ACGME regulations as well as the demand coverage requirements of the residency program. Subsequently, we propose a column generation model that consists of a master problem and an auxiliary problem. The master problem finds a configuration of individual schedules that minimizes the sum of deviations from the desired service levels for the day and night periods. The formulation of this problem is possible by representing the feasible schedules using column variables, whereas the auxiliary problem finds the whole set of feasible schedules using constraint programming. The proposed approach has been tested on a series of problems using real data obtained from a hospital. The results indicate that high-quality schedules can be obtained within a few seconds.