多壁碳纳米管分散型固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定降糖保健食品中非法添加药物罗格列酮

本文建立多壁碳纳米管分散型固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定降糖类保健食品中非法添加物罗格列酮的检测方法,重点考察了样品提取溶剂和提取时间、净化剂类型、组成、使用量和净化时间对回收率的影响。结果表明,样品前处理最优条件为:采用无水甲醇超声提取20 min,经多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）和N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）净化1 min。所建立的高效液相色谱法测定降糖类保健食品中罗格列酮的线性范围为1.0⁵0.0μg/m L,相关系数为0.9997,检出限和定量限分别是0.02μg/m L和0.06μg/m L。样品加标平均回收率为77.3%⁹3.2%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于10%。该样品前处理方法简便、快速且成本较低,适用于批量保健食品中罗格列酮的快速检测。      

Comparison of PPAR Ligands as Modulators of Resolution of Inflammation,via Their Influence on Cytokines and Oxylipins Release in Astrocytes

Neuroinflammation is a key process of many neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disturbances, and astrocytes play an essential role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, the regulation of astrocyte responses for inflammatory stimuli, using small molecules, is a potential therapeutic strategy. We investigated the potency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands to modulate the stimulating effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the primary rat astrocytes on (1) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) derivative (oxylipins) synthesis; (2) cytokines TNFα and interleukin-10 (IL-10) release; (3) p38, JNK, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) phosphorylation. Astrocytes were exposed to LPS alone or in combination with the PPAR ligands: PPARα (fenofibrate, GW6471); PPARβ ({"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516, GSK0660); PPARγ (rosiglitazone, GW9662). We detected 28 oxylipins with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), classified according to their metabolic pathways: cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX) and PUFAs: arachidonic (AA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA). All tested PPAR ligands decrease COX-derived oxylipins; both PPARβ ligands possessed the strongest effect. The PPARβ agonist, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 is a strong inducer of pro-resolution substances, derivatives of DHA: 4-HDoHE, 11-HDoHE, 17-HDoHE. All tested PPAR ligands decreased the release of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα. The PPARβ agonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 and the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone induced the IL-10 release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10; the cytokine index, (IL-10/TNFα) was more for {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516. The PPARβ ligands, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"GW501516","term_id":"289075981","term_text":"GW501516"}}GW501516 and GSK0660, are also the strongest inhibitors of LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK MAPKs. Overall, our data revealed that the PPARβ ligands are a potential pro-resolution and anti-inflammatory drug for targeting glia-mediated neuroinflammation.     

罗格列酮对高糖培养肾小球系膜细胞胞外基质产生及降解的影响

目的: 探讨罗格列酮(rosiglitazone maleate)对糖尿病肾病的保护机制。方法: 大鼠肾小球系膜细胞分别培养在正常糖浓度(5.5 mmol/L) ,高糖浓度(25 mmol/L )及25 mmol/L 葡萄糖+20μmol/L 罗格列酮的培养液中。CCK-8测定系膜细胞增殖;ELISA 法检测培养上清液 Ⅳ型胶原(Col-Ⅳ)、纤维连接蛋白(FN)、转化生长因子-β₁(TGF-β₁)、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子-1(TIMP-1) ;明胶酶谱法检测培养上清液基质金属蛋白酶-2,9(MMP-2, 9) 的活性。结果: 高糖组系膜细胞较正常对照组出现增殖增加, 合成基质蛋白Col-Ⅳ、FN增多;MMP-2及MMP-9 活性下降 ;TIMP-1 含量增加;TGF-β₁分泌增加。与高糖组比较, 罗格列酮干预后能逆转上述变化。结论: 罗格列酮能抑制高糖培养的系膜细胞增殖, 减少胞外基质合成,增加胞外基质的降解。     

马来酸罗格列酮合成研究进展

罗格列酮(RSG)是一种噻唑烷二酮类胰岛素增敏剂,1999年5月马来酸罗格列酮(RSGM)被美国食品与药物管理局批准上市,用于非胰岛素依赖型(NIDDM型/Ⅱ型)糖尿病的治疗.国内外文献中报道的RSG和RSGM的合成方法较多,根据不同的起始原料及合成工艺RSG和RSGM及其关键中间体的合成路线主要有:以2,5-二溴吡啶为原料经4步反应可制备RSG,RSG与马来酸成盐即得RSGM,该法反应条件温和,但是原料价格较贵,且反应的原子经济性不高;以2-溴吡啶或2-氯吡啶为原料的合成工艺有多条,以4-羟甲基苯酚为原料的合成路线因试剂毒性大、价格高,不适于工业化;以4-羟基苯甲醛为原料的合成路线有两条,其中一条中的醚化反应要用到N,N’-二环己基碳二亚胺,成本较高,第二条路线复杂冗长,操作繁琐,亦不理想;以对氟苯甲醛为原料的合成路线因原料价格较贵,缺乏竞争力;其中以2-氯吡啶为原料、4-[2-(甲基-2-吡啶基氨基)-乙氧基]-苯甲醛为关键中间体的合成路线最具吸引力.     

Anti-hypertensive effects of rosiglitazone on renovascular hypertensive rats: role of oxidative stress and lipid metabolism

This study investigated the anti-hypertensive mechanism of rosiglitazone in renovascular hypertensive rats, and examined its relationship to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. The renovascular hypertension was induced by stenosis of the left renal artery. Four groups of rats were selected: control, induced untreated, rosiglitazone (20.mg/kg) and captopril (10.mg/kg). After 14.d of administration, compared with induced untreated group, rosiglitazone group reduced the renovascular hypertensive rats' systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and decreased total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG), angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin receptor (AT₁) levels(P<0.05). Meanwhile, rosiglitazone remarkably decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) while improved the levels of supperoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). These results suggested that rosiglitazone could effectively decreased the blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats, and this might be performed by regulating the activity of angiotensin and the lipid metabolism and improving the oxidative stress.     

Candesartan Does Not Activate PPARγ and Its Target Genes in Early Gestation Trophoblasts

Angiotensin II receptor 1 blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension in women of childbearing age. While the fetotoxic effects of these drugs in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are well documented, their possible impacts on placenta development in early gestation are unknown. Candesartan, a member of this group, also acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, a key regulator shown to be important for placental development. We have previously shown that trophoblasts do not express the candesartan target–receptor angiotensin II type 1 receptor AGTR1. This study investigated the possible role of candesartan on trophoblastic PPARγ and its hallmark target genes in early gestation. Candesartan did not affect the PPARγ protein expression or nuclear translocation of PPARγ. To mimic extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) and cytotrophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast (CTB/SCT) responses to candesartan, we used trophoblast cell models BeWo (for CTB/SCT) and SGHPL-4 (EVT) cells as well as placental explants. In vitro, the RT-qPCR analysis showed no effect of candesartan treatment on PPARγ target genes in BeWo or SGHPL-4 cells. Treatment with positive control rosiglitazone, another PPARγ agonist, led to decreased expressions of LEP and PPARG1 in BeWo cells and an increased expression of PPARG1 in SGHPL-4 cells. Our previous data showed early gestation–placental AGTR1 expression in fetal myofibroblasts only. In a CAM assay, AGTR1 was stimulated with angiotensin II and showed increased on-plant vessel outgrowth. These results suggest candesartan does not negatively affect PPARγ or its target genes in human trophoblasts. More likely, candesartan from maternal serum may first act on fetal-placental AGTR1 and influence angiogenesis in the placenta, warranting further research.     

罗格列酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤保护作用机制的研究

目的 研究罗格列酮预处理对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用,并初步探讨其保护机制.方法 建立大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤模型,将40只健康雄性SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为5组：假手术组（S组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）、罗格列酮＋缺血再灌注组（RIR组）、GW9662＋缺血再灌注组（GIR组）、罗格列酮＋GW9662＋缺血再灌注组（RGIR组）,每组8只.各实验组均于术后6、24、72ah抽取下腔静脉血,并于术后24 h采集肾脏组织.HE染色法光镜下观察肾组织形态、测定血清肌酐（Cr）含量、ELISA法测定血清丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD） 含量、免疫组织化学法观察肾组织中细胞间黏附分子（ICAM-1） 表达.结果 IR组肾小管评分及血清Cr、MDA含量较S组明显升高,血清SOD活性较S组降低,肾组织ICAM-1表达较S组增加（均P＜0.05）.RIR组肾小管评分及血清Cr、MDA含量较IR组下降,血清SOD活性较IR组升高,肾组织ICAM-1表达较IR组下降（均P＜0.05）.GIR组与IR组肾小管评分及血清Cr、MDA、SOD比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）.RGIR组与RIR组比较,肾小管评分及血清Cr、MDA含量显著上升,血清SOD活性下降,肾组织ICAM-1表达显著增高（均P＜0.05）.结论 罗格列酮预处理能通过激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma,PPARγ）保护缺血再灌注损伤的肾脏,其作用机制可能包括抗氧化应激和抗炎作用.     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测保健品中的盐酸吡咯列酮,盐酸罗格列酮与盐酸苯乙双胍

目的:建立一种用于检测盐酸吡咯列酮,盐酸罗格列酮与盐酸苯乙双胍的快速分析方法。方法:采用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)分析方法检测盐酸吡咯列酮,盐酸罗格列酮与盐酸苯乙双胍。结果:该方法检测盐酸吡咯列酮,盐酸罗格列酮与盐酸苯乙双胍,检测浓度分别为4、4、1μg/m L。该方法的检测结果受p H的影响,p H2.0时,上述三种降糖药的表面增强拉曼效应较显著。该方法可以用于检测保健品中添加的盐酸吡咯列酮,盐酸罗格列酮与盐酸苯乙双胍,检测浓度分别为200、200、100μg/m L。结论:该方法操作简便,所用时间短,前处理与检测时间一共只需15 min,适合现场快速筛查。      

Development and in vitro evaluation of floating rosiglitazone maleate microspheres

Background: Various approaches have been used to retain the dosage form in stomach as a way of increasing the gastric residence time, including floatation systems; high-density systems; mucoadhesive systems; magnetic systems; unfoldable, extensible, or swellable systems; and superporous hydrogel systems. Aim?: The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate floating microspheres of rosiglitazone maleate for the prolongation of gastric residence time. Method: The microspheres were prepared by solvent diffusion–evaporation method using ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. A full factorial design was applied to optimize the formulation. Results: Preliminary studies revealed that the polymer:drug ratio, concentration of polymer, and stirring speed significantly affected the characteristics of microspheres. The optimum batch exhibited a prolonged drug release, remained buoyant for >12 hours, high entrapment efficiency, and particle size in the order of 350 μm. Conclusion: The results of 32 full factorial design revealed that the concentration of ethylcellulose 7 cps (X₁) and stirring speed (X₂) significantly affected drug entrapment efficiency, percentage release after 8 h and particle size of microspheres.     

罗格列酮与二甲双胍对2 型糖尿病患者血压的影响

目的: 探讨罗格列酮和二甲双胍对2 型糖尿病患者血压的影响及其作用机制。方法: 58 例2 型糖尿病患者, 随机分成2 组, 分别口服罗格列酮(4 ~8 mg, qd) 和二甲双胍(250 ~ 500 mg, tid) 治疗, 在试验期间不使用其它对血压有影响的药物。观察治疗前后两组患者收缩压(SBP) 、舒张压(DBP) 、空腹血糖(FBG) 、餐后2 h 血糖(PBG) 、空腹血浆胰岛素(FINS) 、餐后2 h 血浆胰岛素(PINS) 水平, 共观察12周, 计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI) 和胰岛素抵抗指数(IR) 。结果: 罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗后收缩压和舒张压均有明显下降(P <0.05); 罗格列酮组SBP和DBP 降低幅度均大于二甲双胍组(P <0.05); 两组病例FBG 、PBG 、FINS 和PINS 均明显降低(P <0.05); 两组胰岛素敏感性的指标ISI 升高(P <0.05), 胰岛素抵抗的指标IR 下降(P <0.05), 罗格列酮组ISI 升高和IR 下降幅度大于二甲双胍组(P<0.05) 。结论: 罗格列酮和二甲双胍在改善胰岛素抵抗、提高胰岛素敏感指数的同时, 具有降低血压的作用, 罗格列酮的作用优于二甲双胍。