A case study in early urban design: Toronto, 1966–1978

ABSTRACT

This is a study in the practice of postwar urban design in Toronto, Canada, based on archival documents and interviews with participants. The narrative begins with the hiring of one British-trained architect/urban designer, Raymond Spaxman, by the City of Toronto Planning Board in 1966. Spaxman then set up a new division of staff that he filled with five or six other architect/urban designers of various national and institutional origins. The study describes the work carried out by these urban designers, identifies the principle themes apparent in it, and relates this to published literature on the founding principles of postwar urban design. In most ways, the study's findings fit the current understanding of the early discipline – concern for pedestrians, sympathy for historical preservation – but in others not – it was different from but not antagonistic towards planning. The findings are then considered as an example of the international transfer of postwar planning ideas. The process of idea transfer in this case looks to have been more chaotic, and less definable, than existing paradigms suggest, but this might have been fairly common in second-rank, immigrant-receiving cities.     

南京明城墙周边开放空间形态研究(1930-2008年)

通过对历史地图、档案的分析,简述了1930-2008年南京城墙周边开放空间形态的变化及背景。发现:伴随着环城墙边缘带的填充和更替,开放空间日益受到压缩,边界更为明确,破碎化加剧,导致老城的景观特征有明显的转变。借鉴英国城市形态学者M.R.G.Conzen的方法,从平面、风貌和功能三个层面研究了三组开放空间在1930年和2008年的形态差别。发现:开放空间中的历史遗迹相对较少,其历史分层相对模糊;开放空间形态演变反映了城市化进程中人与自然、公共空间的关系;在快速城市化过程对城市风貌产生很大影响中,明城墙及周围开放空间对于城市风貌的整体性、持续性起到了重要作用。     

谈谈城市大景观——以北海市为例

本文以北海市为例,分析了城市大景观的重要意义和当前普遍存在的城市景观“大”特性的缺乏.探讨了建立城市大景观所必须遵照的一些原则,以及几条具体的途径。     

Anti‐urban ideologies and planning in France and Switzerland: Jean‐François Gravier and Armin Meili

Jean‐François Gravier and Armin Meili were two leading pioneers of planning in France and Switzerland. Gravier was the famous author of Paris et le désert français, first published in 1947; Meili was the author of the first national conception of planning in Switzerland and was very active in planning policy in the 1940s. Each has deeply influenced the implementation of planning policy in his country and both have constructed their theories around a criticism of the city: Paris for Gravier; big cities, in general, for Meili.

This paper first describes the recurrent critiques of the city in the thoughts of these authors. From sterility to unhealthiness, they combine moral and physical criticisms. Although they belong to different countries and different political cultures, their thoughts take root in surprisingly common backgrounds based on the strength of ruralism and the political context of fascism. Finally, an analysis of their similar propositions concerning town and country planning policies is offered. The lessons of Gravier and Meili are based on different myths which the article will attempt to analyse.     

新农村建设中传统建筑文化的传承和发展——石柱县“沙子印象”设计探索

本文应对近年来新农村建设的一些问题,结合石柱县"沙子印象"片区设计,从院落关系、空间尺度、风貌设计等方面进行设计尝试,提出新农村建设根植于自身建筑文化进行传承和发展的探讨。     

城市风貌的系统构成与规划内容

通过对全球化与城市化的研究,分析了我国城市风貌特色匮乏的根本原因.同时,通过借助当代系统理论的研究成果与方法,对城市风貌系统的基本概念、功能、结构特征进行了深入的研究.最后通过对城市风貌系统中占主导性的空间结构形态中最有代表性的控制指标的研究,力图宏观、有效地抓住城市规划的主要内容,客观而全面的认识一个城市的风貌特色.     

Place and Special Places: Innovations in Conservation Practice in Northern Ireland

The ‘sense of place’ that relates human beings to their environment is under threat from the rising tide of ‘placelessness’ which can result from potentially positive forces such as urban regeneration as well as negative ones such as incremental degradation. The concept of ‘sense of place’, and the need to protect and enhance ‘special places’, has underpinned UK conservation legislation and policy in the post-war era. In Northern Ireland, due to its distinctive settlement tradition, its troubled political circumstances and its centralised administrative system, a unique hierarchy of ‘special places’ has evolved, involving ‘areas of townscape and village character’ as well as conventional ‘conservation areas’. For the first time a comprehensive comparative survey of the townscape quality of most of these areas has been carried out in order to test the hypothesis that too many conservation area designations may ‘devalue the conservation coinage’. It also assesses the contribution that ‘areas of townscape character’ can make in this situation, as potential conservation areas or as second-level local amenity designations. Its findings support the initial hypothesis: assessment of townscape quality on the basis of consistent criteria demonstrates a decline in the quality of more recent conservation area designations, and hence some ‘devaluation of the coinage’. However, the need for local discretion in the protection of local amenity supports the concept of ‘areas of townscape and village character’ as an additional and distinct designation. This contradicts recent policy recommendations from the Northern Ireland Planning Commission and contains valuable lessons for conservation policy and practice in other parts of the UK.     

德国农村更新中的村落风貌保护策略——以巴伐利亚州农村为例

以村落风貌保护为研究视角、德国农村建设为研究背景、实地调研和现存资料分析为研究方法,从项目实施过程和设计方法两方面对德国巴伐利亚州的村落更新运动进行了研究;并针对村落整体结构和公共空间、私宅更新、历史公共建筑更新3个方面对更新策略进行结合当时当地的解读;分析巴伐利亚村落更新模式对于改善和保护村落风貌现状的有效程度,总结对于中国村落发展有所启发的经验和教训。     

旅游通道沿线城镇的景观整治规划方法初探——以桂林市阳朔县葡萄镇景观整治规划为例

以“桂林市阳朔县葡萄镇桂阳公路沿线景观整治规划”项目为例，重点探讨在不影响旅游通道通行要求的基础上，采用“面、线、点”相结合的方式，通过对葡萄镇各个层面的整治，提升桂阳公路葡萄镇路段的沿线景观形象，同时也使得葡萄镇整体城镇面貌和当地居民的生活环境得到改善。     

“器”“道”有别,“新”“古”相谐——北川新县城城镇风貌与建筑风格的基本取向

北川是"5·12"特大地震后唯一异地重建县城的重灾县,也是全国唯一的羌族自治县,这两个唯一特性使得北川新县城的建设备受关注。本文探讨了北川新县城城镇风貌与建筑风格的基本取向,借用"形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器"这一中国传统哲学思想,指出新北川城镇风貌与建筑风格的塑造应该秉持传承与创新相结合、古羌与新羌相和谐的创作原则,并扼要介绍了城市设计方面的相应对策。