井下原地溶浸技术试验研究

结合东同矿业公司井下原地溶浸的试验研究情况,分析了细菌浸出-萃取-电积工艺过程中存在的问题并提出了解决方法,探讨了该工艺应用研究的发展方向与前景。     

The influence of pyrite content on the flotation of chalcopyrite/pyrite mixtures

In the flotation of copper ores, several processing plants report that copper recovery is affected by the proportion and reactivity of pyrite in the ore, with the effect becoming more intense when the feed particles are finer as a result of regrinding. In this work, a mixed model mineral system consisting of chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and pyrite (FeS₂) with varying pyrite content (20–80 wt.%) was used to investigate the effect of pyrite on the pulp chemistry and chalcopyrite recovery. Flotation tests showed that chalcopyrite flotation rate, recovery and grade, as well as the pulp oxidation potential, decreased with increasing pyrite content whilst pyrite recovery increased. Surface analysis (XPS, ToF-SIMS and EDTA) indicated that copper activation of pyrite increased with increasing pyrite content, facilitating pyrite recovery. The decrease in chalcopyrite recovery can be attributed to increased surface oxidation.     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by Acidianus manzaensis under different constant pH

The bioleaching of pure chalcopyrite by thermophilic Archaea strain Acidianus manzaensis YN-25 under different constant pH was first comparatively investigated. Then the relevant sulfur speciation was analyzed by synchrotron radiation based X-ray diffraction (SR-XRD) and S K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The acidity of the leaching solution was monitored at 3-h intervals to make it steady at pH 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25 and 2.50, respectively. Leaching results showed that the copper ion extraction increased during chemical leaching but decreased during bioleaching when pH value decreased from 2.50 to 1.25. SR-XRD analysis showed that, during bioleaching, new elemental sulfur (S⁰) phase was detected at all tested pH cases; new jarosite phase was detected at cases of pH 1.50 to 2.50; and jarosite gradually became a major phase when pH value increased. XANES analysis further showed that covellite was detected during bioleaching at cases of pH 1.25 to 2.00 at higher redox potential (ORP) value, while chalcocite and bornite were detected at cases of pH 2.25 and 2.50 at lower ORP value. These results suggested that the formation of S⁰ was mainly accounting for hindering the dissolution of chalcopyrite while the formation of bornite could accelerate the dissolution of chalcopyrite by A. manzaensis.     

Cooperative effect of chalcopyrite and bornite interactions during bioleaching by mixed moderately thermophilic culture

The cooperative interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by mixed moderately thermophilic culture were investigated mainly by bioleaching experiments and electrochemical experiments. Bioleaching results showed that a cooperative effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite. When the mass ratio of chalcopyrite to bornite was 3:1, an extremely high copper extraction of more than 88% was achieved after bioleaching for 27 days. One of the major reasons for the cooperative effect was that a certain redox potential range (370–450 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) could be maintained for a long period of time during bioleaching due to the mixture of chalcopyrite and bornite. Electrochemical measurements revealed that chalcopyrite was much easier to be reduced than oxidized, while bornite was prone to be directly oxidized. Hence, galvanic effect between chalcopyrite and bornite enhanced the reduction of chalcopyrite to secondary copper-iron species and promoted the oxidative dissolution of bornite. Therefore, redox potential controlling and galvanic effect both contributed to the cooperative bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite.     

Development of CuInS2-based solar cells and modules

Starting from a small area cell published in 1993, CuInS₂ technology has been continuously improved with respect to performance and manufacturability. Major milestones include successful preparation by rapid thermal processing, a monolithically integrated module test structure on a 5×5 cm² substrate, implementation of an industrial pilot line, incorporation of gallium for higher open circuit voltages and better performance and demonstration of Cd-free devices. Phase formation, reaction pathways and interdiffusion mechanisms have been investigated and modelled as have been electronic and device properties such as current transport. This review summarizes the most significant aspects of development and our current understanding of the technology.     

四川会理红泥坡铜矿工艺矿物学

四川会理红泥坡铜矿是康滇铜矿带新发现的大型铜矿,矿石不仅有较高的铜品位,而且富集钴、钼和铁等元素.为合理利用红泥坡铜矿,进行了该矿的工艺矿物学研究.研究表明,矿石中铜的主要载体矿物为黄铜矿,黄铜矿主要呈他形粒状或他形粒状集合体形式嵌布在矿石中;矿石中钴的主要载体矿物为黄铁矿,少量赋存于辉砷钴矿;矿石中钼主要赋存于辉钼矿中,但其矿物量太低,不利于经济回收钼;矿石中含较高的磁铁矿,可作为伴生组分回收.     

较低温度下细菌浸出黄铜矿工艺影响因素研究

以黄铜矿为研究对象,在温度较低的浸出条件下（15℃）采用正交试验的方法考察了矿石粒度、矿浆浓度、酸度、接种量以及起始Fe²⁺浓度对氧化亚铁硫杆菌（T.f菌）摇瓶浸出黄铜矿浸出过程的影响。试验结果表明：初始Fe²⁺浓度对细菌浸铜工艺影响最为显著;在15℃下的最佳浸出工艺条件为初始Fe²⁺浓度为6g/L,酸度控制在pH=2.0,接种量保持在15%,矿浆浓度为15%,矿石粒度为-200目。     

Sol-gel assisted preparation and characterization of silver indium diselenide powders

AgInSe₂ powders were successfully prepared via mixing sol-gel derived precursors, followed by a selenization process. To obtain the pure AgInSe₂ compound, excess amounts of In³⁺ ions were added into the starting solution to compensate the loss of In₂O₃ during the selenization process. A figure that depicts the relationship between the resultant compounds and different selenization temperatures was constructed according to the formed phases. The Raman spectrum and Rietveld refinement confirmed that the prepared AgInSe₂ belonged to the chalcopyrite structure. With increasing selenization temperatures, the AgInSe₂ powder particle sizes as well as the crystallinity increased significantly. The AgInSe₂ formation mechanism during the selenization process is proposed as a two-step process. Ag₂Se is formed in the first step and then induces the second-step reaction to produce AgInSe₂. The sol-gel route with a selenization process is introduced as a new approach to fabricate pure AgInSe₂ powders for use in thin-film solar cells.     

Effects of quartz addition on chalcopyrite bioleaching in shaking flasks

This paper studies the effects of quartz on bioleaching of chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, LD-1 through shaking flask experiments. The results showed that quartz concentration can affect the copper extraction. After 32 days, copper extraction of the leaching system at 50 g L⁻¹ quartz concentration increased by about 20%, compared with that of the leaching system without quartz. XRD analysis showed that the amounts of jarosite on the chalcopyrite surface may reduce by the mechanical friction action between fine particles of quartz and chalcopyrite. The analysis of SEM indicated that the surfaces of chalcopyrite particles were eroded by different degrees and the degrees of change were the same as the effects of quartz concentration on copper extraction.     

Structural aspects of adamantine like multinary chalcogenides

The present state of knowledge of structure, phase relations and metal ordering in 2(ZnX)_x(CuBX₂)_1 − x (B = Ga, In and X = S, Se, Te) and Cu₂Zn_xFe_1 − xSnS₄ multinary compounds is discussed. The chemical disorder process in 2(ZnX)_x(CuBX₂)_1 − x alloys leads to a phase separation, i.e. in a certain composition range (2-phase field) two phases, tetragonal domains and a cubic matrix, coexist. Its width depends on the three-valent cation only and is independent from the size of anion. In the subsolidus region of the 2(ZnX)_x(CuBX₂)_1 − x system the stability range of tetragonal mixed crystals as well as the miscibility gap is decreasing, the stability range of cubic mixed crystals is increasing. The process of structural disorder in 2(ZnX)_x(CuBX₂)_1 − x as well as Cu₂Fe_1 − xZn_xSnS₄ alloys is connected to the cation substructure. In tetragonal 2(ZnX)_x(CuInX₂)_1 − x alloys a non-random Zn distribution on the both cation positions of the chalcopyrite-type structure was revealed, whereas a random distribution of Zn and Cu on two different sites of the kesterite type structure was obtained in Cu₂ZnSnS₄ in contradiction to literature. The crossover from stannite (x = 0) to kesterite (x = 1) in Cu₂Fe_1 − xZn_xSnS₄ is considered as a three-stage process of cation restructure involving Cu⁺, Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺, whereas Sn⁴⁺ does not take part in this process. In tetragonal 2(ZnX)_x(CuInX₂)_1 − x alloys the anion displacement is decreasing with increasing ZnX content in CuInX₂ indicating a decreasing tetragonal distortion. Here the disorder process in the cation substructure and the displacement process in the anion substructure are coupled.