Dynamic failure in coal seams: Implications of coal composition for bump susceptibility

As a contributing factor in the dynamic failure (bumping) of coal pillars, a bump-prone coal seam has been described as one that is “uncleated or poorly cleated, strong…that sustains high stresses.” Despite extensive research regarding engineering controls to help reduce the risk for coal bumps, there is a paucity of research related to the properties of coal itself and how those properties might contribute to the mechanics of failures. Geographic distribution of reportable dynamic failure events reveals a highly localized clustering of incidents despite widespread mining activities. This suggests that unique, contributing geologic characteristics exist within these regions that are less prevalent elsewhere. To investigate a new approach for identifying coal characteristics that might lead to bumping, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on 306 coal records from the Pennsylvania State Coal Sample database to determine which characteristics were most closely linked with a positive history of reportable bumping. Selected material properties from the data records for coal samples were chosen as variables for the PCA and included petrographic, elemental, and molecular properties. Results of the PCA suggest a clear correlation between low organic sulfur content and the occurrence of dynamic failure, and a secondary correlation between volatile matter and dynamic failure phenomena. The ratio of volatile matter to sulfur in the samples shows strong correlation with bump-prone regions, with a minimum threshold value of approximately 20, while correlations determined for other petrographic and elemental variables were more ambiguous. Results suggest that the composition of the coal itself is directly linked to how likely a coal is to have experienced a reportable dynamic failure event. These compositional controls are distinct from other previously established engineering and geologic criteria and represent a missing piece to the bump prediction puzzle.     

泉州南安桃源宫陀罗尼经幢的建筑特征及其宗教作用

回顾我国石经幢的起源,进而探究南安桃源宫陀罗尼经幢的建筑特征以及雕刻艺术的文化内涵,并把它与泉州及江南和中原地区的石经幢进行对比,探索其建筑样式演变的历程,分析其宗教作用。     

矿柱回采与空区处理的爆破设计与施工

本文利用地下矿山实例 ,介绍了矿柱回采与空区处理大爆破的设计方法 ,并根据地下矿一般微差雷管段别数不多的特点 ,提出了采用导爆管微差雷管→导爆索→导爆管微差雷管→初始引爆火雷管的孔内和孔外相结合的接力式微差延时起爆系统 ;同时对矿区爆破安全校核方法 ,也作了较为详细的介绍。     

金川矿区的下向胶结充填采矿法

金川矿区通过20年的生产实践,在3～5万m~2矿体上连续、大面积地使用下向胶结充填采矿法,取得了很大成绩。笔者在总结经验的基础上,对大面积开采中的矿柱留设、开采顺序、多阶段开采等问题提出了具体建议。     

球罐基础沉降差对支柱稳定性影响的分析处理

介绍了球罐安装中可能出现的球罐支柱失稳问题。对1台5000 m3球罐的基础沉降差对支柱稳定性的影响进行了计算分析,并提出了一些增强球罐支柱稳定性的措施。     

矿柱偏心承载特性与失稳破坏机制研究

荷载重心与矿柱截面形心不重合的偏心承载普遍存在于地下开采工程之中。为揭示矿柱偏心压缩承载特性与失稳破坏力学机制,采用一种模拟偏心压缩的试验装置,开展了5组不同偏心距条件下矿柱轴向压缩试验,得到了偏心压缩时矿柱抗压强度及失稳破坏特征。利用MV-XG280相机监测了加载过程中矿柱表面的散斑图像,结合数字图像相关方法分析了偏心距为1/6矿柱宽度时,其表面位移场与应变场演化过程,研究结果表明：(1)矿柱的抗压强度和弹性模量随偏心距增加呈降低趋势,偏心距越大矿柱越容易达到强度极限而破坏,与均匀压缩相比,偏心荷载作用大大降低了其承载能力;(2)偏心荷载下矿柱的破坏特征为小偏心受压破坏和大偏心受拉破坏。偏心压缩使矿柱受力和力矩的共同作用,表现出偏心距越大整体弯曲变形程度越严重。(3)偏心距为矿柱宽度的1/6时,位移场及应变场反映了试件变形破裂的演化过程,随着荷载的增加,位移场最大位移区域进一步集中,应变场出现明显的局部化带,形成最终导致矿柱破坏的宏观裂隙。     

Pillar design and coal burst experience in Utah Book Cliffs longwall operations

Longwall mining has existed in Utah for more than half a century. Much of this mining occurred at depths of cover that significantly exceed those encountered by most other US longwall operations. Deep cover causes high ground stress, which can combine with geology to create a coal burst hazard. Nearly every longwall mine operating within the Utah's Book Cliffs coalfield has been affected by coal bursts. Pillar design has been a key component in the burst control strategies employed by mines in the Book Cliffs.Historically, most longwall mines employed double-use two-entry yield pillar gates. Double-use signifies that the gate system serves first as the headgate, and then later serves as the tailgate for the adjacent panel. After the 1996 burst fatality at the Aberdeen Mine, the inter-panel barrier design was introduced.In this layout, a wide barrier pillar protects each longwall panel from the previously mined panel, and each gate system is used just once. This paper documents the deep cover longwall mining conducted with each type of pillar design, together with the associated coal burst experience. Each of the six longwall mining complexes in the Book Cliffs having a coal burst history is described on a panel-by-panel basis.The analysis shows that where the mining depth exceeded 450 m, each design has been employed for about 38000 total m of longwall panel extraction. The double-use yield pillar design has been used primarily at depths less than 600 m, however, while the inter-panel barrier design has been used mainly at depths exceeding 600 m. Despite its greater depth of use, the inter-panel barrier gate design has been associated with about one-third as much face region burst activity as the double-use yield pillar design.     

红透山铜矿采场矿柱破裂过程的数值模拟

基于对红透山铜矿采场矿柱破坏形式的现场调研,发现高应力下矿柱破坏形式主要为剥落、劈裂破坏、剪切破坏3种形式。为研究其采场矿柱破坏的力学机制,依据红透山矿采场的实际情况及矿岩分布模式,将红透山矿矿柱分为3种矿岩组合模型。以此为基础,应用基于有限元的数值分析方法,对3种矿岩组合矿柱模型的破裂模式进行了模拟分析。数值计算结果表明：I型矿柱均为矿石,其破坏形式为X型剪切破坏;II型矿柱为矿岩组合,其破坏形式主要为矿柱上部围岩发生破坏,而在矿柱下部矿体仅仅产生一些裂纹;Ⅲ型矿柱为上下围岩中间夹矿,裂纹先在上下2层围岩中产生,继而向中间矿石扩展,直至最后裂纹贯通,矿柱失稳。该数值分析结果可为类似矿山矿柱的设计提供一定的参考依据。     

高峰矿区残矿回采方案的研究

高峰矿业公司所开采的100号矿体是矿石品位高的多金属矿体，由于某些原因，开采中留下了大量的矿柱，在分析残留矿柱赋存特征和开采技术条件的基础上，提出了先充填采宽区、后支架进路式回采矿柱的方案。通过试验，该方案已成功地得以实施，并取得了较好效果。该方案的特点是安全、可靠，矿石贫化低。     

矿体与矿柱不垂直时矿柱强度的估算

本文提出了在缓倾斜、倾斜、急倾斜矿体与矿柱不垂直时矿柱强度的估算方法，用等效宽度代替实际宽度考虑了矿柱与矿体不垂直时对矿柱强度削弱的影响这一重要因素。